Nigeria Oil Crisis Essay

Fariha Ahsan, period 5 This article displays a vivid picture for us about the conditions in Nigeria due to the oil reserves. Though Nigeria contained the potential to strive and become a wealthy oil nation, leaving the cocoon of poverty encompassing Africa- it became trapped in a lot of corrupt dealings. Today, the Niger Delta in Nigeria has caught the attention of world wide humanitarian and environmental activists. The article states how in the past, the corrupt government ruling Nigeria was funded by Western governments and large oil corporations. Together, the group have benefited from the fossil fuels that are in abundant supply in the delta region. However, the mines are not the only things that are in this area, there are people of the Niger Delta who have been harshly affected for decades due to this illegal mining. The Ogoni, Ijaw and other minority groups of the Niger Delta have been stripped away of their environment and basic human rights. Their non-violent protests have been ignored and harshly cracked down by the money-hungry government. For example, during one non violent protest, Shell paid several community members to break off the protesting group. The Human Rights Watch has sided with the people of the delta, as it is clearly visible how the oil mining has ruined the area. The oil corporations have destroyed the chances of neighboring communities and minorities to form. Money to control the environmental pollution has been insufficient, causing extremely- harsh living condition with scarce drinking water, and abundance of malnourishment and disease. The oil mining has destroyed the land of the Nigerian Delta as well as the homes of many living there. After the delta started receiving world wide attention some change has begun to start, but the previous government has left behind much chaos. It is reported that in the last decade, the military took control of the region’s people, burned homes and killed masses of civilians. The present government has attempted on being more democratic and open, so change is still underway.

Maltese Village Cores

THE MAIN CHARACTERISTICS OF THE MALTESE VILLAGE CORE [pic] Name: Daniel Cossai Class: F4 Matteo Ricci Table of Contents: ? Introduction p. 3 ? A typical Maltese village core p. 4-6 ? How is the village core being protected nowadays? p. 7-8 ? An example of a Maltese village core – Attard p. 9-10 ? Conclusion p. 11 ? References p. 12 Introduction In the Maltese Islands one can find around 67 villages all around the island. Since Malta is quite populated some villages are close to each other, like the three villages of Attard, Balzan and Lija, and one might think that they are actually one village, while others are more isolated with surrounding rural areas. Villages vary from old and modern but they all have distinct features and characteristics and they are mainly built around the village core. In this project, the various characteristics of a typical Maltese village core are discussed followed by a detailed example of the old village of Attard. A typical Maltese village core A typical Maltese village core usually has several characteristics which can be seen in most of the older villages, which are much more common than the more modern ones. The parish church The main focal point of any old village is the parish church which is mainly of the baroque style and occupies a central position. It is a grand style and the village church contrasts strikingly with the flat roof tops of the nearby houses and other buildings. Attard Parish Church The majority of the Maltese people are Roman Catholic and the church has always played an important role in the villagers’ lives. In olden times when villagers worked in the nearby fields they would return home when the church clock struck 6 tolls of the ‘Ave Maria’. Nowadays after mass many people gather in the church parvis to talk about daily events. This is a typical scene in any village and shows the social aspect of the Maltese people. The village core comes to life during the feast of the patron saint. During this time the streets are decorated with flags, banners, garlands, flowers, multi-coloured lights and statues on wooden pedestals. There are kiosks selling traditional food, nougat and candy floss. Brass bands entertain the crowds, together with fireworks in the main square. The procession with the saint’s statue passes through the narrow streets of the village core. The narrow streets Another particular feature of the old part of a village is the narrow, winding streets which normally lead to the church. These are usually quite narrow as cars and buses did not exist in the time in which they were built. It is said that the streets were winding as a way of defense against enemy attacks. Most streets in the village core have alleys. A narrow street in Attard In these streets one can usually find several niches dedicated to saints. They were a form of beautiful and artistic decoration and showed the devotion which the Maltese had towards their religion. They also served as a point of easy reference to find a particular place in times when people were highly illiterate and could not read street names. An example of a niche in |ebbu[ The main buildings The buildings in the old village core are usually farmhouses or houses of character with a central courtyard, outer staircases and rubble-walled rooms. Many of these are being renovated by expert architects to restore their natural beauty. Since they are built after the baroque or neolithic style these buildings are quite big with large doors and windows. A particular feature is the different door knobs which one can find at every door. Another reason for such large houses was that noble people used to live in the village core. Also, most extended families used to live in one house. In the village core one can also find various shops, like the grocer, butcher, baker and vegetable vendor. The most important buildings are also found in every typical village. These may include the local council, the police station, the parish priest’s office, the parish hall, the cemetery, the school and the band and political clubs. Another characteristic feature is the village bar where men usually meet to have tea, eat ‘pastizzi’ or ‘]ob bi-ejt’, gossip or watch a football match. Other characteristics In the village core one can usually find several decorations including statues, fountains, street lamps and benches. Local activities are normally held in the village square. These are either held by the church or local council as an occasion for villagers to meet and have some fun. Bazaars and car washes are often held as fund raising activities. In recent years some villages are becoming more innovative and organize unique activities, such as a chocolate or strawberry fair, to attract outsiders and tourists. How is the village core being protected nowadays? As the name implies the village core is the most important part of any society. All of the important buildings can be found there and it is also the place where the majority of people meet and socialise. Therefore it goes without saying that the village core must be an attractive and safe place to attend. Local councils have the duty of ensuring a clean, safe environment and fight against vandalism to preserve the beauty of the village. A short interview with a representative of the Attard Local Council was held regarding the protection of the village. Interview: ? The village core is an important part of the village. Does this make it a main target for vandals? Yes, unfortunately, our village core has suffered from a lot of acts of vandalism. For example, the garden of Thomas Dingli, which can be found in the village square, has been vandalised several times. What does the council do the try and protect the village core from these acts of vandalism? Recently, we have asked the local police and wardens to increase their patrols, and to keep better watch over certain places especially the gardens and street decorations. We also do our best to repair any damage done as quickly as possible. ? Is the village core protected in any other way not related to vandalism? Yes, the village core i s a very important part of the village because most people often gather here. We are doing our best to keep the village core as Bring-In Sites – Attard Village Core clean as possible. For example, we have set up Bring-In Sites in the village core, so that people will recycle more for a cleaner environment, and at the same time avoid throwing away their litter outside. The Bulky Refuse removal truck comes around the village every day so that bulky items such as fridges do not end up thrown away in one of the gardens. Unfortunately, this has happened in the past. Street sweepers are also employed so that the environment is as clean as possible. ? What about traffic? The streets in the village core are quite narrow. Are there any special rules which help to avoid pollution and damage to streets and buildings? Yes, like you said the streets are quite narrow and this makes it hard for large trucks to pass. They could easily hit the buildings and cause damage, plus they cause congestion of traffic. Signs are put up so that heavy vehicles cannot pass through the village core unless they need to render a service to a particular street. The village core must not be used as a by-pass. This has also reduced the amount of pollution and hence we have a cleaner environment. An example of a Maltese village core – Attard The old village core of Attard is made up of the Church Square and several streets and alleys. These are Qormi Road, |ebbu[ Road, Valletta Road, Main Street, Church Street, Small Square Street, St. Dominic’s Street, St. Mary’s Street, and Thomas Dingli Street. The village core is the oldest part of Attard. It dates back to 3,000 years B. C. The Parish church dedicated to The Assumption was built between 1613 and 1616. It was designed by the architect Thomas Dingli. Adjacent to the church is the Parish Hall where social functions take place. Attard Parish Church The architect Thomas Dingli is still remembered in Attard, and in 1998 a new village square was built and named after him. In the square one can find a small garden used as a relaxation area. There is also a monument which mentions the names of all the residents of Attard who died during World War II. Thomas Dingli Square The Local Council is also found in the village core. It is in the same building as the local Police Station. On its wall, there is a mail box which dates back to the time of Queen Victoria. It is the only mail box remaining in Malta from the time of Queen Victoria. Attard Police Station Attard Local Council In front of the parish church one can find the parish priest’s office, where people go to get information relating to births and marriages, or talk to the parish priest. Nearby is the Stella Levantina Band Club. Club members and musicians meet here throughout the year either to practice the band’s music in preparation for the village feast and other occasions, or else simply to talk with each other. As the feast starts approaching, the club becomes more crowded. The parish priest’s office In St. Dominic’s Street, there is a museum about the train’s history. In olden times the train used to pass from Attard on its way to Mdina. Recently, the Council has decorated all the streets in the village core with decorative street lanterns. Conclusion The village core is a very important part of every village because it is the centre of all activity. It is vital for the local community and something which cannot be removed or easily changed, in fact certain old buildings cannot be modernized and have to keep their characteristics. This is ruled by the MEPA. As one can see from the characteristics mentioned in this project, living in the village core can be a different experience from living on the outskirts. Some people, especially the new generation, would prefer somewhere quieter and more modern buildings. In the future, every local council in the Maltese Islands should continue working on improving the situation of their village’s core. Most localities are already protecting the core, but there can always be more room for improvement. For example, cameras can be installed near places in the village core which suffer from vandalism frequently. References: Alfie Guillaumier (2002): Bliet u Ir]ula Maltin. Malta: Klabb Kotba Maltin Magazine: }’Attard Magazine: Malta this Month (July 2002) Magazine: Grip (Issue 4) http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Attard http://www. attard. gov. mt/default. asp http://www. malteseislands. com/malteseislands. asp Attard Local Council

Case Study Of Airbus for Supply Chain Management Free Solution

The aerospace industry has recorded a consecutive increase in the sales continuously from last three years. Supply chain management is becoming the key element for the development of the aviation industry (Gopalakrishnan et al. 2012). The complexities and risk factors mainly lie in the section of supply and management of the company. This report is made to focus on the importance of supply chain management in an organization for its smooth and reliable operation. In consideration of the globally established value chain analysis among the aerospace industry involves the completion of the customer requirements. There is no violation of this aspect in case of the Airbus. The production network is combing several factors: functions of the suppliers, transporters, retailers, manufacturers, etc. Airbus is focusing on the wide process of outsourcing. This aspect is totally related to the supply chain management of the organization (Khajavi, Partanen and Holmstrom 2014). The example of value chain analysis can be explained by: Airbus and Boeing together has introduced B787 and A350XWB, which involves more complex work packages in comparison with the previous programs, though it is used to reduce the time and cost involved. The supply chain management is totally dependent on the working culture of the stakeholders of any organization. Airbus also provides importance to their employees for managing the value chain within the industry (Martinez-Jurado and Moyano-Fuentes 2014). The strategically involved suppliers and other stakeholders of the Airbus first examine the subsystems and crucial parts of the organization, this aspect builds good relationship with the suppliers, customers and the employees of the organization. Airbus launched packages according to the risk shared with the suppliers. The losses considered for the suppliers or external people involved in the organization are added with the cost involved in manufacturing the product or services. This aspect makes the suppliers more responsible with their work that involves the setting up of packages, and improvement of the scope of the work, etc. (Mena, Humphries and Choi 2013). The improvement of the working culture in Airbus, the management adds new programs for involving the experienced suppliers for getting better production. Airbus organization has taken up new initiatives to increase their supply chain resilience. In this organization, the supply chain process is quite complex, and disruption occurs due to resource constrains, quality and communication issues, environmental events and supplier's insolvency. From the following statistical graph, these illustrations can be better understood. (Source: Liu, Kasturiratne and Moser 2012, pp-585) The strategy management process of Airbus organization is as follows Figure 2: Supply Chain Management of Airbus (Source: Golicic and Davis 2012, pp-730) The major actors of Airbus' management process are suppliers, manufacturers, transporters, retailers, and customers. In the research and development center, the manufacturers use raw materials to produce the best quality of aircraft products to the customers (Aung and Chang 2014). The first tier suppliers assemble the major parts of the system such as engines, interior, gear, and avionics. The second level suppliers deliver the manufactured products. Whereas, the third level suppliers perform specific operations of the aircraft system. After analyzing the supply chain management of the Airbus organization, it can be stated that outsourcing of aircraft parts is not at all a cost effective way. In addition, outside manufacturers are not concerned to enforce security standards which can reduce the competitive strength of this organization in the global market. Therefore, a new supply chain management is proposed in the following section which can help for reliable and smooth operations. Figure 3: New Supply Chain Management for Airbus (Source: Fayezi, O'Loughlin and Zutshi 2012, pp-568) The above supply chain management model is the best-fitted option for Airbus Company, which not only manufactures the best quality of products but also streamline the entire system to reduce operational cost, to enhance the quality and to speed up the aerospace operations. Customer Relationship Management: This helps to manage to establish a healthy relationship with the customers by maintaining it with loyalty. Through this, the management authorities will be able to target and prioritize the best customers and their needs (Liu et al. 2014). This contributes to making perfect performance report to measure the profitability of the customers and financial impacts of the organization. Customer Service Management: Through this, real and single time of information can be provided to the customers such as order status, product availability and shipping dates. Demand Management: It is very crucial to maintain a fair balance between customers’ needs and organization’s capabilities (Huang et al. 2014). This process is related to the forecasting process including procurement, production, and distribution. Order Fulfillment: It is the key factor to make any supply chain management successful. Customers are the biggest asset if any organization and their needs should be prioritized at first. This process deals with manufacturing, marketing requirements and logistic operations (Mokasdar et al. 2014). These can help to meet the customer requirements by reducing the delivering cost to the consumers. Manufacturing Management: This is concerned with the product markings and its distribution over the network. It begins with team reviewing where marketing and corporate strategies are reviewed (Zhou et al. 2014). This will help to incorporate new technologies which are necessary for better operational flow.   Supplier Relationship Management: Suppliers are the ones who can give best quality aircraft products to the organization. Through this, the organization will be able to strategize the sourcing and manufacturing plans and can identify the service components which are crucial to making best aircraft system.   Product Development: Reviewing the sources and strategies is a major part to offer a new quality of products and services to the customers. This is very crucial to maintain customers’ loyalty. Return Investment: It is the last but most important part of the supply chain management process (Hou et al. 2014). This is very helpful to gain competitive advantages for the organization by reviewing the legal and environmental compliance guidelines. After reviewing the supply chain strategies of the Airbus Company, some of the challenges are identified which are described as follows In the manufactured products of Airbus organization proper security standards are missing (Cousins et al. 2015). This creates a negative impact on the customer confidence as well as brand reputation. Day to day increase in the fuel price creates negative impacts on the economic performance of the organization. More dependency on the external suppliers can reduce the competitive strengths of the organization in the global market. The absence of proper R&D standard products and lack of environmental standards in the aircraft system can increase the environmental pollution (Lawson et al. 2015). New entries in the market can challenge the organization from technical as well as quality front ends. (Source: Petersen et al. 2015, pp-15) Supply chain management is concerned with the flow of information and products among the members of the supply chain. Information technology also plays the vital role in relation to the supply chain management. There is no exception with Airbus in this case (Handfield et al. 2015). Airbus examined that, information, which is the main element in the case of the supply chain management is most of the time overlooked by the members of the supply chain. The infrastructure and capabilities of the IT provide aggressive positioning of the business initiatives: cycle implementation, cycle time reduction, etc. Airbus follows three core ideologies for implementation of the IT infrastructure in the value chain: making the customer satisfied, management of the information among the value chain, setting up new IT infrastructure for handling the information in the better way (Turner et al. 2014). Airbus introduces the elements of the IT infrastructure for the developing the supply chain within the organization: input-output devices, media for storage, software and hardware support for the maintenance system, etc. An unmanaged supply chain is not intrinsically stable. The variation in demands of the customers increases, when one rise in the supply chain. Small changes in the customer demands will make the variation on the orders placed. Ultimately the network of the industry will oscillate in a large range (Woodward et al. 2014). This happens because the problems within the organization get reduced by the from the perspective of the supply chain management. This phenomenon is known as the Bullwhip Effect. Aerospace industry also faces this issue like other industries. The main reasons for the Bullwhip effects are: overreaction to the backlogs, inventory reduction for the neglecting the orders, lack of communication for making the supply chain down, coordination problem, delay time introduces by material flow, matching of the orders, inaccuracies of the demand forecasting (Madenas et al. 2014). The above mentioned factors are also maintained by the Airbus. The Airbus is aware of managing the ef fect of Bullwhip within the organization, which improvise their competitiveness. Table 2: Forecasting Of Airbus Organization (Source: Aung and Chang 2014, pp-180) According to the statistics presented in the above table, it can be said that in the next 20 years, this organization will provide its aviation services will be served to many customers all over the world. People from all over the world can have access to the flying services both physically and economically. From 2015 to 2034, all total 32,600 aircraft products will be delivered to the customers with larger aircraft including A350, A330, and A380. (Source: Subramanian and Gunasekaran 2015, pp-220) Managers of Airbus organization should adopt the supply chain metric process to measure the complexity lies in the sourcing ad management platforms of the company. Supply Chain Metrics is very useful to capture the performance lack across the supply chain. In order to determine the relationship between chain performance and corporate performance, supply chain metrics is very crucial, as it can align the organizational logistic operations with new model implementations (Huang et al. 2014). As a result, company's growth can be increased regarding larger revenue growth. The upstream and downstream process of Airbus organization is as follows Figure 5: Upstream and Downstream Process of Airbus (Source: Golicic and Davis 2012, pp-180) In the upstream process, the aircraft product manufacturers take the raw materials from the suppliers before delivering it to the customer. In the downstream process, products are properly manufactured to be provided to the customers. After evaluating the current supply chain operation of Airbus organization, implementation of SCRM inside the organization is very necessary to mitigate the challenges from the grass root level (Musa et al. 2012). Figure 5: Supply Chain Risk Management (Source: Abubakar et al. 2012, pp-200) The SCRM model is very helpful to analyze the internal and external constraints in order to improve the undeveloped areas of the organization. At first, the risk is identified, then it is evaluated and at last, some best solutions are found out to mitigate these problems. According to the research done on the developmental perspective of the aerospace industry, it is noted that there is a huge growth opportunity for the aerospace industry if the OEMs improve the supply needs for accomplishing the customer needs. On this aspect, new supply chain management model is proposed for Airbus organization to mitigate its internal as well as external challenges. This model can help the organization to provide the best quality of products and services to the customers by reviewing all the marketing and corporate strategies. In turn, this will help to improve the current situation of the organization in an advanced way.    Alfalla-Luque, R., Medina-Lopez, C. and Schrage, H., 2013. A study of supply chain integration in the aeronautics sector.  Production Planning & Control,  24(8-9), pp.769-784. Aung, M.M. and Chang, Y.S., 2014. Traceability in a food supply chain: Safety and quality perspectives.  Food control,  39, pp.172-184. Fayezi, S., O'Loughlin, A. and Zutshi, A., 2012. Agency theory and supply chain management: a structured literature review.  Supply chain management: an international journal,  17(5), pp.556-570. Golicic, S.L. and Davis, D.F., 2012. Implementing mixed methods research in supply chain management.  International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management,  42(8/9), pp.726-741. Gopalakrishnan, K., Yusuf, Y.Y., Musa, A., Abubakar, T. and Ambursa, H.M., 2012. Sustainable supply chain management: A case study of British Aerospace (BAe) Systems.  International Journal of Production Economics,140(1), pp.193-203. Handfield, R.B., Cousins, P.D., Lawson, B. and Petersen, K.J., 2015. How Can Supply Management Really Improve Performance? A Knowledgeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Based Model of Alignment Capabilities.  Journal of Supply Chain Management,51(3), pp.3-17. Khajavi, S.H., Partanen, J. and Holmstrà ¶m, J., 2014. Additive manufacturing in the spare parts supply chain.  Computers in Industry,  65(1), pp.50-63. Lavastre, O., Gunasekaran, A. and Spalanzani, A., 2014. Effect of firm characteristics, supplier relationships and techniques used on supply chain risk management (SCRM): an empirical investigation on French industrial firms.  International Journal of Production Research,  52(11), pp.3381-3403. Lengnick-Hall, M.L., Lengnick-Hall, C.A. and Rigsbee, C.M., 2013. Strategic human resource management and supply chain orientation.  Human Resource Management Review,  23(4), pp.366-377. Liu, P., Huang, S.H., Mokasdar, A., Zhou, H. and Hou, L., 2014. The impact of additive manufacturing in the aircraft spare parts supply chain: supply chain operation reference (scor) model based analysis.  Production Planning & Control,  25(13-14), pp.1169-1181. Liu, S., Kasturiratne, D. and Moizer, J., 2012. A hub-and-spoke model for multi-dimensional integration of green marketing and sustainable supply chain management.  Industrial Marketing Management,  41(4), pp.581-588. Madenas, N., Tiwari, A., Turner, C.J. and Woodward, J., 2014. Information flow in supply chain management: A review across the product lifecycle.CIRP Journal of Manufacturing Science and Technology,  7(4), pp.335-346. Martà ­nez-Jurado, P.J. and Moyano-Fuentes, J., 2014. Lean management, supply chain management and sustainability: a literature review.  Journal of Cleaner Production,  85, pp.134-150. Mena, C., Humphries, A. and Choi, T.Y., 2013. Toward a Theory of Multià ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Tier Supply Chain Management.  Journal of Supply Chain Management,  49(2), pp.58-77. Narasimhan, R., Narayanan, S. and Srinivasan, R., 2013. An investigation of justice in supply chain relationships and their performance impact.  Journal of Operations Management,  31(5), pp.236-247. Subramanian, N. and Gunasekaran, A., 2015. Cleaner supply-chain management practices for twenty-first-century organizational competitiveness: Practice-performance framework and research propositions.  International Journal of Production Economics,  164, pp.216-233.

DISCRIMINATION AND AFFRMATIVE ACTION Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

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Information Technology Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

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Volunteer work Bonaventure house Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Volunteer work Bonaventure house - Essay Example During the time when most institutions never wanted to associate themselves with HIV/AIDS, Alexian brothers went ahead and committed themselves to promoting care for the HIV/AIDS victims. This was a time when even the most influential institutions such as churches and other religious institutions never wanted to associate with the disease and the populations infected with HIV/AIDS. The Bonaventure house in Chicago is guided by the vision of Alexian brothers to provide care, compassion, dignity and love for people who are marginalized in the society. It is this vision that people with HIV/AIDS are accorded transformed lives within a supportive and compassionate community. Today, the facility has 35 private rooms, a complete food service among other facilities such as a chapel, learning centre, television room, administrative centre and 24 hour staff care. These resources are coupled with family ambiance that affords the clients spiritual and social needs. The location of the facility also ensures that the residents get enough medical and recovery services throughout the year. I decided to volunteer at Bonaventure home after reading its history and the way the facility supported HIV/AIDS patients when stigma was at its peak in the world. The facility has reduced many HIV related deaths because it offers a helping hand to those who are considered outcast by the society. Although a lot of de-stigmatization has been done and awareness has been created, the fact still remains that many people are dying because of lack of love, medical care, and treatment therapies. However, Bonaventure has come in between to solve this problem and its something that need to be appreciated, embraced, emulated and duplicated all over the world. I am sure this can only happen if more people are exposed to the day to day events of Bonaventure home. The other reason was that when I arranged a pre-visit to the centre I found children reading to their

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OB week 7 - Essay Example Behavioral theories of leadership focus on the behavior of individuals, particularly if they could be trained to become leaders if they do not possess any specific leadership traits. Various independent factors come into play when determining leadership behavior, most notably a pro-target or considerate approach, both existing on extreme polar ends. Pro-target leaders are goal-oriented and emphasize on production and output where as considerate leaders may adopt a more democratic style of leadership. Innovation is a distinguishing attribute of a transformational leader who strives to create an environment that encourages individual growth and productivity thereby motivating individuals through availability of greater opportunities (Bass, 1991). Leaders who display consideration and the possession of specific traits have been identified as being effective (Robbins and Judge, 2013). Newer contingency or situational approaches towards leadership focus on the setting or the context of th e leadership scenario which becomes significantly important when considering long-term success. Contingency theories may help better identify present and future leaders through indicators like decision-making, goal-orientation, follower readiness, leader-member relationship, and so on. 2. According to the Leader-Member Exchange (LMX) theory, an exclusively low number of individuals forming an in-group receive disproportionately favored as compared to an out-group (Robbins and Judge, 2013). In order to become an in-group member and be treated differently, members must prove that they are reliable, skilled, and most importantly, trustworthy. Leaders tend to trust in-group members more with challenging assignments and projects that require additional skills. Most likely, the in-group members also have a greater chance of promotion due to their relationship with the leader. Maintenance of a good relationship depends largely upon trust and respect which is mutual. The

Stories Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Stories - Assignment Example I learned that supporting characters are important to the plot. They lend intrigue to the main characters. The conflict is not always what it seems through supporting characters. These essays have made me want to develop my fiction essays through rich supporting characters. 2. The original story is very different from the film version. In the movie version of Tarzan, the brute force and violence is emphasized more. Tarzan is a super human that saves a weak woman in the jungle. However, in the story Tarzan is not only strong, but intelligent as well. â€Å"For a moment he scrutinized the ground below and the trees above until the ape that was in him by virtue of training and environment, combined with the intelligence that was his by right of birth† (Burroughs 47). I think the reason for the conflict is the nature versus nurture debate. Burroughs used the nature for Tarzan’s intelligence and nurture for his strength. However, in today’s society everybody is into t he nurture theory. Thus Tarzan’s strengths are put forth in the movies instead of his intelligence. I have already read the book. 3. Emily poisoned Homer. She went to the druggist and stated â€Å"I want poison† (Faulkner 60). Since she lived to be an old woman, the poison must have been used for Homer. â€Å"Thus she passed from generation to generation† (Faulkner 61). ... 4. My feelings about â€Å"Saving Sourdi† were sympathetic to the little sister, Nea. She wanted to save her sister from an arranged marriage. Mr. Chhay is a good husband. â€Å"Slowly the room came into focus. It was a mess. Baby toys on the carpet, shoes in a pile by the door, old newspapers scattered on an end table anchored by a bowl of peanut shells† (Chai 83). If he was a bad husband, the house would have been spotless. After Duke hit him â€Å"Mr. Chhay kept repeating, ‘No problem, don’t worry’† (Chai 83). If he had a bad temper, Mr. Chhay would have thrown both Nea and Duke out. He would have beaten Duke up. Mr. Chhay was a good husband. Nea’s relationship to her sister was one of protector. Nea tried to protect Sourdi even if she did not need protection. I would have done the same thing for any of my siblings. 5. 5. The family in â€Å"A Good Man is Hard to Find† is a typical American family. The Grandmother lives with a n only son and his family. This situation is a conflict itself. The Grandmother wants to do things her way, but the family goes about their life with little interest in what the Grandmother wants. â€Å"The grandmother didn't want to go to Florida. She wanted to visit some of her connections in east Tennessee and she was seizing at every chance to change Bailey's mind. Bailey was the son she lived with, her only boy† (O’Connor 261). The Grandmother gives advice throughout the trip, but Bailey did not listen. This is familiar. Many younger people do not take their elders’ advice. The title suggests that people should not trust each other because good men are hard to find. Older people have learned that lesson, but younger people feel invincible. The theme is younger people should

Would Odysseus be considered a hero today Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Would Odysseus be considered a hero today - Essay Example Odysseus can be considered as a modern day hero because he has all the qualities of a hero and even though the values have changed over the time, he has a heroic character which is inspiring. The most common trait of a hero is bravery and courage which is present in Odysseus greatly (Homer 32). He is on a long trip where he is stuck on an island, and battles it out to get back to his wife and son. He has battled and fought against many witches and sea monsters. He goes through a lot but never seems scared or frightened and tends to portray bravery in every gesture (Morden 26). A hero like Odysseus is put in many troubles by the people who are jealous or lower to him, but he manages to overcome all troubles using his witty mind and bravery (Barnouw 16). The second characteristic of Odysseus was his love for his people; his friends and family (Bittlestone 65). He was trapped but carried out the journey and overcame all hurdles just to get back to his family. He also fought for his wife at the end of the story showing how much he loved her. This is a heroic quality which is needed and admired in every culture in every era (Beye 55). The third characteristic is his fine nature and noble qualities. This can be seen when in the end he fights the suitors of his wife and orders to take care of the women’s doorway, and lock it so that no one shall see the woman’s face (Montiglio 25). This shows his honourable character and his respect for women. This is the characteristic because of which he is a hero and is admired by all. This reveals the soft spot and gentle side of his character (Connolly 32). Odysseus’ story is mostly about his fighting and battles with monsters and other people to save himself and his family. However, these traits are not seen in heroes of today as open wars are not anymore common (Nortwick 31). Heroes have to use their intellect and imagination to

A Review of Fahrenheit 451 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

A Review of Fahrenheit 451 - Essay Example This point is brought home when there is a nuclear war that happens to Mildred and others, that nobody really knew was coming, because nobody was reading anything and staying informed. The television shows which were on tv in this alternative world were not informative at all – the entertainment on the TV is considered to be insipid and as having no depth. Therefore, even though Montag tries to talk to Mildred and her friends, it is difficult to do, as they are not interested in much of anything and only have trivial knowledge about the world and politics. So, since the people are not aware of what is going on, the government is able to do what they want to the people, and the people are not going to protest and try to stop it, because they do not know that it is about to happen. That was the point of showing the advent of the nuclear bomb at the end of the book – this shows what happens when people are not allowed to read.This is one of the themes. Another theme, of co urse, is the dangers of censorship. There seems to be issues with today's society, where there is censorship going on in places. Individuals want books taken off of school shelves because the content of the books are deemed not suitable for their children to read. Which is all well and good, except that they don't want other children to read these books either, which is not good. A parent may decide for him or herself that a certain book isn't suitable for the individual child, but this is not what they want. They want the books to be off-limit to all. Bradbury obviously does not believe in this practice, and he shows the books burning. Censorship is related to not knowing what is going on, and it is not difficult to imagine why this would be so. Because, the fact of the matter is, there is going to be content that is objectionable to somebody or another, because there is going to be aspects of life which are objectionable. But, if one shuts their eyes to what is objectionable, then the people will shut their eyes to all that is bad in the world. This, too, will result in the government being able to do what they want to the people. So, this is how censorship is bad for society, and Bradbury captures this perfectly. Therefore, the two major themes, which are related, were the dangers of censorship and the dangers of apathy. Apathy came from censorship, in part, but one gets the feeling that Mildred and her friends would be apathetic even if there wasn't censorship. Which brings the review to another aspect of Bradbury's tale which was effective, and that was characterization. Each of the characters represented some kind of archetype that would exist in such a dystopian future. They represent aspects of society which exist now in some form. Mildred and her friends, for instance, are representative of the apathetic people in society. The ones who do not care currently what is going on around them, but will memorize every episode of something insipid on televisio n. These people are legion, really, and this is what Mildred and her friends represent. Montag represents the individuals in society who try to observe law and order, but fail to do so, because the law is unjust. Montag is a fireman, who sets fire to books, which means that he was a part of the problem. Yet, he also was questioning, and eventually was the one who tries to buck society. He's active in doing this, so he represents the

Organizational Culture and Innovation Essay Example for Free

Organizational Culture and Innovation Essay Organizational culture is very important in the pursuit of innovation, which is the major source of competitive advantage in the world today. Organizational culture is central to a company’s pursuit of innovation because it refers to the beliefs, values, attitudes, tradition and overall practices within and without an organization (Hill Jones, 2001). If the culture of the organization permits creative thinking and entrepreneurship, then innovation can certainly flourish. If the organizational culture, however, is very strict and adheres too much to its cherished traditions, routines and way of doing things, then innovation may be stifled and the organization will just rely on what has been tried and tested before. Such culture of adherence to past successes and ways of doing things will be inimical to the performance of the organization in the long run. As new factors, trends and issues in the market appear, the organization should continue to innovate and seek for ways to deliver better products and services that their clients will patronize. An innovative organization will always learn how to make best use of trends and emerging factors in its environment. There are several elements of organizational culture that can either encourage or hinder the pursuit of innovation (Johnson, 1988). The paradigm or the statement of vision and mission of the organization defines what it is all about and from there all activities in the organization are derived. There are also processes, structures and policies in place in the organization. These formal structures can enable innovation in the organization if it is not stringent and strict enough to stifle innovations. The power structures and the character of decision makers can encourage innovation. If there is openness in the leadership, this will trickle down to the grassroots level of the organization and will provide a rich backdrop where innovation can be cultivated. On the other hand, a leadership that puts a premium on seniority and too much authority fosters an adherence to established rules of conduct within the organization. In such a case, the pursuit of innovation may even be looked down as an act of insubordination. The symbols valued by the organization are also important in stimulating innovation and change. Is change and innovation valued in the organization? Are efforts to this end recognized and valued? This is also further exemplified by the rituals and routines in the organization. As innovation becomes praised and recognized throughout the organization, the members of the organization will be motivated to pursue innovation. As the formal structures encourage and praise innovation, so will it extend to the informal stories and myths of the organization. This way, ordinary employees and people at the bottom level of the organizational hierarchy will talk about the importance of innovation in the organization. Organizational culture can work for the pursuit of innovation in any given company or corporation. Organizations should deliberately work for the integration of innovation awareness in all levels. When this happens, the organization will become entrepreneurial, always looking out for means to improve and excel on their chosen niche in the market. With innovation, the organization can continue with its usual activities and it can even expand its operations to other areas where it can perform best. An organizational culture that fosters innovation is a must in this highly competitive world.

Subsidiary Ledgers and Special Journals Essay Example for Free

Subsidiary Ledgers and Special Journals Essay A subsidiary ledger is a ledger that includes all of the details of a general ledger, and it holds accounts with similar attributes. The purpose is that is can contain things such as accounts receivable and accounts payable and it can show the sum total. The advantages of using subsidiary ledgers is that the sum of all the accounts is kept in the General Ledger and all of the details of the accounts are kept in the subsidiary ledger which is separate so you can keep them in different columns so to not get confused. A control account is an account that contains the total number of sales/purchases made. If you add up all of the individual accounts it should equal the control account, also known as a summary of the account. The purpose of a control account is that it doesn’t have to contain all of the details but it will have all of the financial information organized accurately. The accounts receivable and accounts payable ledgers are two general ledger accounts that act as control accounts for a subsidiary ledger. Cash receipts journal, cash payments journal, sales journal, and the purchase journal are the four different special journals of accounting. The advantages of all the journals are that transactions that occur on a daily basis can be put into a specific journal and one person can be in charge of that journal. All of the information can be tracked in one place which can make the work much easier as well. A cash payments journal can be used with any company that deals primarily with cash which is most companies. A cash receipts journal is sometimes used for the sales of a product to help track transactions. Purchase journals are used with companies that make a lot of purchases on one account while sales journals are for companies that perform purchases. The sales journal posts the sum on the general ledger at the end of the pay period/month.

Mission statement organizations vision translated into written form

Mission statement organizations vision translated into written form Mission  Statement A mission statement is an organizations vision translated into written form. It makes concrete the leaders view of the direction and purpose of the organization. For many corporate leaders it is a vital element in any attempt to motivate employees and to give them a sense of priorities. (1) A mission statement should be a short and concise statement of goals and priorities. In turn, goals are specific objectives that relate to specific time periods and are stated in terms of facts. The primary goal of any business is to increase stakeholder value. The most important stakeholders are shareholders who own the business, employees who work for the business, and clients or customers who purchase products and/or services from the business. A mission statement  is a brief description of a companys fundamental purpose. A mission statement answers the question, Why do we exist? (1) The mission statement articulates the companys purpose both for those in the organization and for the public. For instance, the mission statement of Canadian Tire reads (in part): Canadian Tire is a growing network of interrelated businesses Canadian Tire continuously strives to meet the needs of its customers for total value by offering a unique package of location, price, service and assortment. The mission statement of Rivercorp, business development consultants in Campbell River, B.C., is: To provide one stop progressive economic development services through partnerships on behalf of shareholders and the community. As you see from these two mission statement samples, mission statements are as varied as the companies they describe. However, all mission statements will broadly describe an organizations present capabilities, customer focus, activities, and business makeup (5). The difference between a mission statement and a  Strategic Intent  is that a mission statement focuses on a companys present state while a Strategic Intent focuses on a companys future. Every business should have a mission statement, both as a way of ensuring that everyone in the organization is on the same page and to serve as a baseline for effective business planning Mission statements often contain the following Purpose and aim of the organization The organizations primary stakeholders: clients, stockholders, congregation, etc. Responsibilities of the organization toward these stakeholders Products and services offered So, when you are preparing your Mission Statement remember to make it clear and succinct, incorporating socially meaningful and measurable criteria and consider approaching it from a grand scale. As you create your Mission Statement consider including some or all of the following concepts. The moral/ethical position of the enterprise The desired public image The key strategic influence for the business A description of the target market A description of the products/services The geographic domain Expectations of growth and profitability Strategic Intent A Strategic Intent  is sometimes called a picture of your company in the future but its so much more than that. Your Strategic Intent is your inspiration, the framework for all your strategic planning. A Strategic Intent may apply to an entire company or to a single division of that company. Whether for all or part of an organization, the Strategic Intent answers the question, Where do we want to go? What you are doing when creating a Strategic Intent is articulating your dreams and hopes for your business. It reminds you of what you are trying to build. While a Strategic Intent doesnt tell you how youre going to get there, it does set the direction for your business planning. (For more on the role of your Strategic Intent in business planning, Thats why its important when crafting a Strategic Intent to let your imagination go and dare to dream and why its important that a Strategic Intent captures your passion. Unlike the mission statement, a Strategic Intent is for you and the other members of your company, not for your customers or clients. Corporate vision is a short, succinct, and  inspiring  statement of what the organization intends to become and to achieve at some point in the future, often stated in competitive terms. Vision refers to the category of intentions that are broad, all-inclusive and forward-thinking.   It is the image that a business must have of its goals before it sets out to reach them.  It describes aspirations for the future, without specifying the means that will be used to achieve those desired ends. Warren Bennis, a noted writer on  leadership, says: To choose a direction, an executive must have developed a mental image of the possible and desirable future state of the organization. This image, which we call a  vision, may be as vague as a dream or as precise as a goal or a mission statement. A  strategic intent  is a companys vision of what it wants to achieve in the long term. It must convey a significant stretch for your company, a sense of direction, discovery, and opportunity that can communicated as worthwhile to all employees. It should not focus so much on todays problems, which are normally dealt with by company visions and missions, but rather on tomorrows opportunities. To achieve great things, you need ambitious visions. And it does not matter that vision cannot be laid out in details. It is the direction that counts. Mission Vision Goals Figure 1.0 Its significance on the Organization à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Visions incorporate goals for the future: but whose goals? Make sure the goals set out by your organization are shared by the community you serve. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Visions are often value-laden statements. Values should be broad and inclusive to incorporate as many people and perspectives as possible. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Visions should be optimistic and inspiring: to you, organization staff, and the community you serve. We believe in the equality of all people, regardless of race, class, nationality, gender, or sexual orientation. (2) In short, the mission guides the organization in its daily work, and the vision inspires the organization and the community to never give up on its future goals. Vision Mission Values Strategic Goals Tactics Figure 2.0 (5) Strategic Business Management and Planning The Strategic Position Strategy in Action Strategic Choices Capability Environment Culture Purpose Corporate Level Business Level Innovation Evaluation International Processes Organising Resourcing Changing Practice Figure 3.0 The Exploring Corporate Strategy model (4) Strategic Position: Understanding the strategic position is concerned with identifying the impact on strategy of the external environment, an organizations strategic capability and the expectations and influence of stakeholders. The sort of questions this raises are central to future strategies. The Environment Environment plays an important role in building up the strategies and how it affects the organisation strategies and goals looking out for the opportunities and threats from the outer world. Therefore it is very important to evaluate the environmental impacts on the organization. The capabilities Capabilities depends upon the resources and competences within the organization. One way of thinking about the strategic capability of an organization is to consider its strengths and weaknesses. Look for the core competences and USPs which the competitors will find difficult to imitate. Purpose The major influences of stakeholder expectations is organizations purposes. Purpose is summarized in an organisations vision, mission and values. This is important since it clarifies who should the organization serve and how should it work. this reflects the corporate social responsibilities and ethics. Culture These influences directly either on organizational, sectoral or national. Corporate Governance Corporate Governance is concerned with the structures and systems of control by which managers are held accountable to those who have legitimate stake in an organization. (4) There are many other reason which has made its presence an important issue for the organization. Out of which the three main reasons are as follows; The separation of ownership and management control which means that the organization works with hierarchy or within the chain of governance. This chain basically represents those groups that influence an organization through their involvement in either ownership or management of an organization. Scandals by the corporate have increased a lot of public debate about different parties in the governance chain should interact and influence each other. Most notable here is the relationship between shareholders and the boards of businesses as well as relationship between government or public funding bodies and public sector organizations. Increased accountability to wider Stakeholder interests has also come to be increasingly advocated; in particular the argument that corporations need to be more visibly accountable and responsive , not only to owners and managers in the governance chain but to wider social interest. Governance Structure Strategic Purpose Social responsibility and ethics Stakeholder expectations Figure 4.0 Influences on strategic purpose (4) The governance chain explains completely the roles and relationships of different groups which are present in the governance of an organization. The chain is very simple to understand it is similar like a family tree. It has shareholders, family members, managers and a board. It is a large and publicly quoted organization with more investors layers as well. Hence good corporate governance can be achieved only if it is an embedded part of corporate life: part of the DNA of the organisation, its internal processes and the way it makes information available externally. In many countries most companies are run mostly for the benefit of the shareholders, the rightful owners.  But there is another model, where companies are run for the benefit of other significant groupings as well such as customers, the general public or employees. This is the stakeholder model. Choosing a board for each of these models or something in between requires people with different backgrounds and outlooks. The following table  compares the shareholder and stakeholder models: Shareholders Stakeholders Maximize shareholder value and look after shareholder interests Look after all stakeholder interests, especially public Seek profitability and efficiency Look for survival, long term growth, and stability Hard-nosed and commercial Less concerned with profit than value for money A Stakeholders mapping can be used appropriately to understand the stakeholders influence. Stakeholder mapping can define his expectations and power and helps in understanding political priorities. It emphasizes the importance of two issues: Interest of the stakeholder group on organizations purposes and choice of strategies Power of stakeholders to actually do it They are described in a quadrant of four different types based on level of interest and their power, as follows Figure 5.0 Stakeholder Mapping Low High High A Minimal Effort C Keep satisfied B Keep Informed D Key Players Level of Interest Power (7) Non Profit Organizations A  non-profit organization  is an  organization  which does not distribute its surplus funds to owners or shareholders, but instead uses them to help pursue its goals.  Examples of NPOs include charities (i.e.  charitable organizations),  trade unions, and public  arts  organizations. Most governments and government agencies meet this definition, but in most countries they are considered a separate type of organization and not counted as NPOs. They are in most countries exempt from  income  and  property taxation. Profit Organizations An  organization  is a social arrangement which pursues collective goals, controls its own performance, and has a boundary separating it from its environment. It is a business which has a primary goal of making profit and a proposed goal such as helping the environment. Differences between Profit and Non-profit Organization Ownership is the quantitative difference between for- and not-for-profit organizations. For-profit organizations can be privately owned and may re-distribute taxable wealth to  employees  and  shareholders. By contrast, not-for-profit organizations do not have owners. They have controlling members or boards, but these people cannot sell their shares to others or personally benefit in any taxable way. While they are able to earn a profit, more accurately called a surplus, such earnings must be retained by the organization for its self-preservation, expansion and future plans. Earnings may not benefit individuals or stake-holders. While some non-profit organizations put substantial funds into hiring and rewarding their internal corporate leadership, middle-management personnel and workers, others employ unpaid volunteers and even executives may work for no compensation. However, since the late 1980s there has been a growing consensus that nonprofits can achieve their corporate targets more effectively by using some of the same methods developed in for-profit enterprises. These include effective internal management, ensuring accountability for results, and monitoring the performance of different divisions or projects in order to better benefit from their capital and workers. Those require satisfied management and that, in turn, begins with the organizations mission There are a variety of perspectives, models and approaches used in strategic planning. The way that a strategic plan is developed depends on the nature of the organizations leadership, culture of the organization, complexity of the organizations environment, size of the organization, expertise of planners, etc. For example, there are a variety of strategic planning models, including goals-based, issues-based, organic, scenario (some would assert that scenario planning is more of a technique than model), etc. Goals-based planning is probably the most common and starts with focus on the organizations mission (and vision and/or values), goals to work toward the mission, strategies to achieve the goals, and action planning (who will do what and by when). Issues-based strategic planning often starts by examining issues facing the organization, strategies to address those issues and action plans. Organic strategic planning might start by articulating the organizations vision and values, an d then action plans to achieve the vision while adhering to those values. Some planners prefer a particular approach to planning, eg, appreciative inquiry. Some plans are scoped to one year, many to three years, and some to five to ten years into the future. Some plans include only top-level information and no action plans. Some plans are five to eight pages long, while others can be considerably longer. For-profit and nonprofit business plans have many similarities. For that reason, nonprofit personnel would benefit from reading the links in the section above, For-Profit Business Planning. Some of the terms are different, but in most cases they can readily be translated into words more commonly used in the nonprofit sector. For example, balance sheet is what nonprofit call a statement of financial position, profit and loss statement (or income statement) is essentially the same as a statement of financial activities, and so on. One of the key difference between a for profit and a non profit plan is the marketing section. In a for profit business, the served customers are generally those who provide the revenues needed to cover expenses and continue operations. For a non profit, often the served constituents do not provide this sustaining funding, and it must be sought from a third party donors. This means the marketing plan must describe both how the organization will communicate its services to its service target market and how it will communicate its need for funding to its funding target market. This means detailing these two separate marketing messages and two strategies for marketing.   Another key difference is the non profit part of the business plan. Financial plans for a non profit do not have to show net profit, and, if they do, there must be some explanation of what those retained earnings will be used for. They cannot be distributed as dividends, as the organization is technically owned by the public and not by the directors or board. However, profits can be accumulated for the purposes of creating an endowment or capital fund for future expenditures. An accountant should be consulted for any decisions of this nature.   International dimensions of strategic business management and planning Going global is one of the key visions of most of the organizations. Choosing globalization increases the option for the organizations range of products or services and how to manage across the borders. Through international strategy framework it becomes achievable in a better way. International strategy as the core theme, depends upon two things, the external environment and organizational capabilities. If you see the figure 6.0 it focuses more on internationalisation drivers and on the capabilities side it emphasises on international and national sources of advantage. Figure 6.0 International strategy framework Internationalisation drivers Market selection Sources of competitive advantage Mode of entry International Strategy (4) Market Drivers Similar customer needs Global customers Transferable marketingInternationalisation Drivers Figure 7.0 Internalisation Drivers International Strategies Cost Drivers Scale economic Country-specific differences Favorable logistics Government Drivers Trade Policies Technical Standards Host Government Policies Competitive Drivers Interdependence between countries Competitors global strategies (4) Market globalization drivers There is a general belief that several markets are converging around the world. There are several reasons for this. First, the convergence of Gross National Product (GNP) per capita in the developed world is leading to a convergence in markets sensitive to wealth and level of income such as passenger cars, television sets, and computers. Second, there is evidence to suggest that in some industries, customers tastes, perceptions, and buying behaviours are converging, and that the world is moving towards a single global market that is basically Western and, more specifically, North American. In a landmark article titled The globalization of markets Levitt (1983) predicted that globalization drivers such as new technology would lead to homogenization of consumer desires and needs across the world. He argued that this would happen because generally consumers would prefer standard products of high quality and low price to more customized but higher-priced products. Third, in the quest to build a global brand and company image, multinational firms are increasingly favouring a global standardization of marketing and advertising efforts. This does not mean identical marketing and advertising campaigns, but the use of similar themes that send the same message across the world. Recent developments in broadcast media, particularly direct-broadcast satellite and international media, are making this more possible. CNN, for example, broadcasts standard adverts around the world. Cost globalization drivers Several key cost drivers may come into play in determining an industry globalization level. One key factor is global scale economies. That is, the costs of producing a particular product or service are often subject to economies or dis-economies of scale. Generally, economies of scale arise when a product or a process can be performed more cheaply at greater volume than at lesser volume. This is often the case when the product or service is standardized; hence it becomes hard for multinational firms to differentiate themselves, and cost becomes key in achieving and sustaining a competitive advantage. Producing different products for different countries leads to higher cost per unit. This is because multinational firms serving countries with separate products may not be able to reach the most economic scale of production for each countrys unique product. Multinational firms could reduce the cost by using common parts and components produced in different countries. Another factor is sourcing efficiencies. Global sourcing efficiencies may push multinational firms towards a global strategy. The prices of key resources used in the production process have a strong impact on the cost of the product or service, the cost of inputs depends on the bargaining power of the firm with their suppliers. For example, large firms purchasing large volumes have more clout with their suppliers than their small rivals. Hewlett-Packard (HP) is a good example. In the past, country-level subsidiaries used to solicit bids for insurance coverage independently. Each subsidiary chose the local provider who bid less than the competition. However, HP now belongs to a global insurer-insured pool which provides rebates based on business volume. In addition, as noted earlier, some countries provide a cost advantage because of low cost of raw material, low cost of labour, or low cost of transport because of location. Thus multinational firms locate their activities in different countries to benefit from these advantages. Further, in sectors where transportation cost is low, closeness to customers is not important, and urgency to distribute the product is low, multinational firms tend to concentrate their production in large plants producing large-scale products. Finally, high cost of product development drives multinational firms to focus on core products that have universal appeal to control cost. Government globalization drivers Governments have different policies for different industries. While (as discussed above) the general trend is lower trade barriers and less regulation, for a few sectors trade barriers are prohibitive and highly regulated by governments. In addition to trade barriers and regulations, technical standards are becoming similar around the world. For example, several countries have accepted new international accounting norms and standards. In Europe, the International Accounting Standards (IAS) are quickly becoming the norm. This will allow direct cross-border comparison of financial statements, and facilitate communication between subsidiaries and the centre. Companies like Nokia, the Allianz group, and Novartis are working to bring about a convergence of US accounting standards with IAS. Competitive drivers Because of tight interlinks between key world markets, intense competition across countries, and the continuous increase in the number of global competitors, multinational firms are adopting a globally centred rather than nationally centred strategy. According to George Yip, the increase in interactions between competitors from different countries requires a globally integrated strategy to monitor moves by competitors in different countries. He notes that by pursuing a global strategy, competitors create competitive interdependence among countries. This interdependence forces multinational firms to engage in competitive battles and to subsidize attacks in different countries. Cross-subsidization is only possible if the multinational firm has a global strategy that monitors competitors centrally rather than on a country-by-country basis. Globalized competitors drive industries to adopt a global strategy. Yip noted that when major competitors, especially first movers, use a global strategy to introduce customers to global products, late movers adopt the same strategy so as to achieve economies of scale or scope and other benefits associated with adopting a global strategy. Last, the ability to transfer competitive advantage globally drives multinationals to adopt a global strategy. For example, IKEA succeeded in transferring its locally developed advantage to a global market. Conversely, sectors where the competitive advantage is locally rooted and hard to transfer across countries, multinationals tend to adopt an international strategy rather than a global one. (8) Strategic Management Strategic Management is a term which underlines the importance of managers with regards to the company strategy. Strategy needs to be defined by the people especially the managers who also implement them. Strategic Management involves a greater scope than that of any one area of operational management. It is characterised in way it makes easy for the managers to make decision and judgement based on the conceptualisation of difficult issues. Corporate strategy is defined as the identification of the purpose of the organization and the plans and actions to achieve that purpose. Corporate strategy consist of two main elements: corporate level strategy and business level strategy .See figure 7.0 At Corporate Level: All the decisions need to be taken over what business the company is in or should be in. The culture and leadership of the organization are also important at this broad general level. Corporate strategy is the pattern of major objectives, purpose or goals and essential policies or plans for achieving those goals, stated in such a way as to define what business the company is in or be in and the kind of company it is or be. (9) At Business Level: corporate strategy is more alarmed with the competing for customers, generating value from the resources and the underlying principle of the sustainable competitive advantages of those resources over rival companies. Figure 8.0 The essence of corporate strategy At the individual business level: How do we complete successfully? What is our sustainable competitive advantage? How can we innovate? Who are our customers? What value do we add? At the general corporate level: What business are we in? What business we should be in? What business our basic directions for the future? What is our culture and leadership style? What is our attitude to strategic change? What should it be? What is the purpose of the organization? And what are our strategies to achieve this? (10) The three main areas of strategy At both the levels of corporate strategy every organization has to manage its strategies in three main areas: Organizations internal resources; External environment within the area of organization operates; Organizations ability to add value to its organizations process. Resources Strategy Resources of any organization includes human resource skills, investors and the capital. Organizations need to build a good strategies to optimise the use of the resources. In particular, it is essential to investigate the sustainable competitive advantage that will allow the organization to survive and prosper against competition. Environmental strategy Environment encompasses all the aspect external to the organization itself: not only the economic and political circumstances, which depends place to place but competitors, customers and suppliers, who may vary widely around the world, but also competitors, customers are particularly important here. Hence organizations therefore needs to develop corporate strategies that are best suited to their strengths and weakness in relation to the environment in which they operate. Adding Value Apart from environment and resources organizations still need to add value to the supplies brought into the organization. For long term survival, an organization take their supplies seriously and then deliver its output to its customers. The main purpose of corporate strategy is to make the organization create and add vital values to make sure the organization adapts the changes and continue to add value in future. Core areas of Corporate Strategy There are three core areas of corporate strategy are strategic analysis, strategy development and strategy implementation. Strategic analysis: The organization, its mission and objectives have to be examined and analysed. Corporate strategy provides value for the people involved in the organization, its stakeholders but its the managers who decide the objectives of the organization. They also analyse the resources and examine the objectives as well as the relationship with the environment. Strategy development: A strategy options has to be developed and then the right has to be selected. To be successful, the strategy is build upon a particular skills of the organization and the special relationship that it has or can develop with the other outside suppliers, customers, distributors and government. Strategy implementation: The selected options now has to be implemented and the organization will find many other difficulties in terms of motivation, power relationships, government negotiations, company acquisitions and many other matters. Hierarchical Characteristics of Strategy Strategy can be formulated on three different levels: Corporate level Business unit level Functional or Operational level, While strategy may be about competing and surviving as a rum, one can argue that products, not corporations compete, and products are developed by business units. The role or the corporation then is to manage its business units and products so that each is competitive and so that each continues to corporate purposes. While the corporation must manage its portfolio of businesses to grow and survive, the success of a diversified firm depends upon its ability to manage each of its product lines, While there is no single competition to Textron, we can talk about the competitors and strategy of each of its business units. In the finance business segment, for example, the chief rivals ate major banks providing commercial financing. Many matagers consider the business level to be the proper focus for strategic planning. Corporate Level Strategy Corporate level strategy fundamentally is concerned with the selection of businesses in which the company should compete and with the development and coordination of that portfolio of

Narketing in the Digital Age :: essays research papers

Marketing In The Digital Age ANSWERS Be sure to answer all parts of each question. Be sure to use complete sentences whenever appropriate. Good Luck! 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  What were the four major forces that shaped the digital age? Digitalized and Connectivity Internet Explosion New type of Intermediaries Customization and Customerization 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  What are the four major e-commerce domains? Business to Consumer Business to Business Consumer to Consumer Consumer to Business 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Define internet, intranet and extranet Internet: A vast public web of computer networks, which connect users off all types   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Around the world to each other and to an amazingly large information repository. Intranet: A network that connects people within a company to each other and to the Company network. Extranet: A network that connects a company with it’s suppliers and distributors. 4.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Discuss the benefits of integrating online selling with in-store selling (use examples). For example the store Game Stop and Game Stop dot com. They have an advantage on both territories and they broaden the customer base, by being available and online. You can afford to discount more sometimes online, to keep the customer shopping, and the company can make the customer service base open both online and in person, no matter how you bought the product. Also if you there was a problem with the product, you can physically take it back to the store and they can return or exchange. So the benefits are great, because the company has both markets at it’s advantage. 5.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  E-commerce and the Internet bring many benefits to both buyers and sellers alike. Briefly discuss the benefits to both buyers and sellers. For buyers they might get the opportunity to by a mass quantity at a low price and it can keep a company’s overhead down. For a buyer, to me the main element is convenience, because you do not have to go to the actual store, you tend to get online discounts that is not available in store, and you have a better chance in obtaining your product, because you can possibly be obtaining it directly from the company. 6.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Discuss the differences between click-only companies and click-and-mortar e-marketers. Click-only companies are online only, but a click- and-mortar has both Brick and Mortar and has added an e-commerce to the company. 7.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Define viral marketing. What is the link between viral marketing and word-of-mouth communication? Discuss the benefits of viral marketing. Viral Marketing is the internets version of word of mouth. Vial marketing involves creating an email or another marketing plan that is so infectious that it makes a person want to forward it.

Essay --

Text A is a comic strip entitled â€Å"CATHY†, created by Cathy Guisewite and published in 1986. The text talks about gender stereotypes and the fact that people become ignorant when it comes to gender. Text B is an extract from a memoir by Shusha Guppy, â€Å"The Blindfold Horse, Memories of a Persian Childhood†, and is published in 1988. This text is about gender inequality but as well refers to destiny and determinism vs. free will. Both texts deal with the common theme of gender stereotypes, but each one approaches the theme from a different point of view. The comic mainly focuses on the physical and behavioral characteristics that identify each gender, whether the extract focuses on gender stereotypes from a different view, gender inequality, and also talks about determinism and destiny in life. In Text A, Cathy supports her ideas with a series of sketches and the use of visual images by adding facial expressions to the characters. In contrast, Text B has a more na rrative style and passes the message to the audience without the use of direct images. A similarity between the two texts is the date of publication and thus the reader can understand that they have a similar contextual background. However text B, as an extract from a memoir, talks about events that occurred years before the publication. ​Text A has the purpose of showing how people viewed specific characteristics as masculine or feminine and sensitizes people that sex stereotyping is compulsory. From the first image we can see that the mother of the baby is not saying yet the baby’s sex in order for it to have the ability to meet people, continue living free, away from stereotypical characteristics that may affect its life. The reaction of the nurse, â€Å"I’ll bet it’s a boy†, r... ...traditional Persian ways and shows that the narrator stands up for the sex equality. The veil is also literally used as a symbol to hide women’s beauty and highlight their feeling of being less towards the society. At both texts there has been carefully selected word choice to relay the message. This word choice is basically feminized for the description of the women and hence, we can understand that both writers are feminists and they have the similar target audience. To conclude, women nowadays have a more advanced and sophisticated role in society although the sex stereotypes continue to exist and societies’ attitudes change towards gender roles. The contrast between a comic with an extract from a memoir which share a common theme, provides us with information about the different attitudes that cultures have towards gender stereotypes and especially towards women.

The Necklace :: Character analysis, Loisel

In the short story â€Å"The Necklace†, the main character, Loisel, is a woman who dreams of greater things in her life. She is married to a poor clerk who tries his best to make her happy no matter what. In an attempt to try to bring happiness to his wife, he manages to get two invitations to a very classy ball, but even in light of this Loisel is still unhappy. Even when she gets a new dress she is still unhappy. This lasts until her husband suggests she borrows some jewelry from a friend, and upon doing so she is finally happy. Once the ball is over, and they reach home, Loisel has the horrible realization that she has lost the necklace, and after ten years of hard labor and suffering, they pay off debts incurred to get a replacement. The central idea of this story is how something small can have a life changing effect on our and others life’s. This idea is presented through internal and external conflicts, third person omniscient point of view, and the round-dynamic character of Loisel. The third person limited omniscient point-of-view is prevalent throughout this short story in the way that the author lets the reader only see into the main character’s thoughts. Loisel is revealed to the reader as being unhappy with her life and wishing for fancier things. â€Å"She suffered ceaselessly, feeling herself born for all the delicacies and all the luxuries.† (de Maupassant 887) When her husband tries to fancy things up, â€Å"she thought of dainty dinners, of shining silverware, of tapestry which peopled the walls†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (de Maupassant 887) As the story goes on her point of view changes, as she â€Å"now knew the horrible existence of the needy. She took her part, moreover all of a sudden, with heroism.† (de Maupassant 891) Having the accountability to know that the â€Å"dreadful debt must be paid.† (de Maupassant 891 ) This point-of-view is used to help the reader gain more insight to how Loisel’s whole mindset is changed throughout her struggle to pay off their debts. Maupassant only reveals the thoughts and feelings of these this main character leaving all the others as flat characters. Loisel is a round-dynamic character in that Maupassant shows how she thought she was born in the wrong â€Å"station†. â€Å"She dressed plainly because she could not dress well, but she was as unhappy as though she had really fallen from her proper station.

Treatment Of Hyperslanting Trapezium Health And Social Care Essay

The stableness of the trapeziometacarpal joint depends chiefly on the ligamentous agreement around it, the muscular tenseness, every bit good as its constellation. Sixteen ligaments were identified stabilising the trapeziometacarpal joint.REF The dorso-radial and deep front tooth oblique ligaments play a significant function in stabilising the joint, with the deep front tooth oblique ligament operation as a pivot for the first metacarpal motion during volar abduction to let rotary motion ( pronation ) of the pollex. The hyperslanting trapezium ( which is a term given for the hypoplastic trapezium that shows an overdone angle in relation to the first metacarpal ) is an uncommon status that is associated with hurting at the base of the pollex. It is more common in the dominant manus of females in their mid-twentiess, but can impact both sexes and both custodies. It consequences in an unnatural burden distribution at the metacarpal aspect of the trapeziometacarpal articulation, with gradual fading of the back uping ligaments, ensuing in increasing dorso-radial subluxation of the first metacarpal over the trapezium. Kapandji and Heim ( 2002 ) reported that Robert ‘s position ( Robert P. Bulletins et memoires de la Societe de Radiologie medicale de France. 1936 ; 24:687. is used for appraisal of the incline angle of the trapeziometacarpal articulation. The incline angle was defined harmonizing to as the angle between the longitudinal axis of the 2nd metacarpal and the axis of the trapeziometacarpal articulation represented by the line fall ining the two distal poles of the trapezium ( Fig 1 ) . The same angle is expressed besides as trapezial joust which is the complement of the angle formed by the intersection of a line tangent to the in-between tierce of the trapezial articular surface analogue to the scaphotrapezial articulation and a line analogue to the proximal tierce of the 2nd metacarpal. For custodies without degenerative arthritis, the normal trapezial joust angle is 42 & A ; deg ; Â ± 4 & A ; deg ; .ref There has been a dearth of literature published as disciplinary osteotomy and/or trapezial abnormalcies. In this survey, we aimed at rectifying the trapezial joust in non-arthritic trapeziometacarpal articulations by a dorso-radial unfastened cuneus osteotomy and bone transplant, reconstructing the normal biomechanics around the joint and get rid ofing the unnatural tonss sustained by the ligaments, taking to forestall the development of creaky alterations.Patients and MethodsBetween 2001 and 2007, 135 immature grownup patients in their mid-twentiess and early mid-thirtiess who conequectively presented with radial side carpus jobs were studied sing the grade of the trapezial joust and trapezial incline. Eleven patients were operated upon depending on both clinical and radiological appraisal for the trapeziometacarpal articulation. The patients were followed up at an norm of 53 months with a scope of 37 to 93 months. They were 8 females and 3 males. Seven patients had bilateral processs ( 18 custodies in entire ) . The age at surgery ranged from 18 to 34 old ages ; the norm was 25 old ages. All patients who were operated upon presented with radical pollex hurting, diminishing their public presentation at work and impacting their day-to-day life activities. DASH and modified DASH tonss were used to asses our patients. The trapeziometacarpal stableness was assessed harmonizing to the Eaton method. In each instance the tester stressed the basal articulation radially and ulnarly and assessed the sum of interlingual rendition of the base of the first metacarpal relation to the trapezium at the CMC articulation in millimetres. Besides we applied the metacarpal base compaction trial by using palmar directed force per unit area on the pollex metacarpal base while the CMC articulation is extended utilizing the opposite manus, and the shear manoeuvre as a trial of sidelong stableness of the CMC articulation. A cuneus corticocancellous bone transplant is obtained from the iliac crest with the base 8 – 12 millimeter harmonizing to the preoperative computations to rectify the grade of the trapezial joust. A 14 millimeter broad osteotome is inserted in the gap cuneus osteotomy and used to pry the trapezium unfastened. The bone transplant is inserted in the unfastened cuneus and the transplant is impacted into the osteotomy site and checked with fluoroscopy. A individual K wire is used for arrested development and inserted through the base of the first metacarpal, the trapezial fragments with the bone transplant in between. A POP slab is applied and left on for five to seven yearss so replaced by a pollex Spica dramatis personae for six-to-eight hebdomads. A rehabilitation plan for the thumb scope of gesture. Treatment of the painful, unstable, prearthritic basal articulation of the pollex has received comparatively small attending in the literature. Patients with prearthritic diagnostic TMJ hurting and instability, are by and large underappreciated, and are ab initio misdiagnosed as status other than radical joint instability. Extension osteotomy of the pollex metacarpal has been proposed to counterbalance for the incompetency of the anterior oblique ligament and cut down laxness in the dorsal-palmar way. An extension osteotomy of 30 & A ; deg ; is reported to give more than 90 % good consequences in footings of hurting alleviation and improved clasp and pinch strength at two old ages follow-up ( Tomaino, 2000 ) . The extension osteotomy shifts mechanical burden at the TMC articulation more dorsally and redirects force vectors, therefore a fixed subluxation and/or multidirectional instability should be a contraindication to the process. Besides the metacarpal osteotomy does non take into history the grade of trapezial incline. A more planetary instability may reflect a greater grade of capsuloligamentous hurt and may ask ligament Reconstruction. Theoretically, moderate to severe hyperextension and accompaniment metacarpal adduction would be expected to increase the tonss in the palmar compartment of the TM C articulation and emphasize the POL. For most writers, ligamentoplasty has been the preferable line of intervention to forestall trapeziometacarpal subluxation and early arthritis of the TMC Joint ( Eaton phase 1 or 2 ) . With more than 90 % good consequences reported with 5-7 old ages of follow-up The Eaton process uses a strip of the flexor wrist radialis sinew passed through a tunnel at the first metacarpal base perpendicular to the nail axis. Brunelli et Al. ( 1991 ) use an kidnapper pollicis longus transplant passed through a similar tunnel with first-class consequences. A good consequence can non be obtained utilizing this technique entirely in instances of trapezial dysplasia, as this dysplasia is the primary pathology and the ligamentous fading is secondary, and ligamentoplasty entirely will non keep the place of the pollex metacarpal in relation to the dysplastic trapezium. Trapezial osteotomy has been proved through experimental survey done on cadaverous limbs ( Ropars et. Al. 2009 ) to reconstruct the normal incline angle of the TMC articulation. That survey has emphasized that trapezial osteotomy is technically demanding with several possible complications but most of them can be avoided by a meticuolous technique and careful pick of the patients.

Working century

This date alms to analyses the call(a)ings of three singulars by exploring the person-to-person and situational circumstanceors considered In Suppers Archway gravel as hale as the Grumblers Theory, and discuss how these factors interact and partake charge end-making. The analysis is then employ to the discussion how to use the various types of intelligences in achieving caveater success and advancement. Interviewee 1 pertain Jane Chug Highest nurtureal Qualification Honors In Accountancy be on 40 eld old sex activity Female guide Chinese Nationality Singapore Work induce 21 eld Past ph superstar line Accountant/ General Accounts Man historic periodr authentic occupation appurtenant pay Manager Brief mount Jane is currently relieve oneselfing as an jockstrap Finance Manager with Eng Lee & Associates and has been thither for al close to 2 commodious time. world the give of two squirtren, Jane step to the fored a spacious emphasis on existence qualifie d to spend quality time with her family. Thus, the major(ip) factors which figure issued Canes flight history is commerce enterprise mirth and plow spirit balance. When asked to crystallize herself beneath three of the six personalities and purlieus that Holland certain which suits her beat out, she chose Conventional, kind and Realistic. C beer History of IndividualJane bugger off at the age of 22 and started her firstborn as an assistant accountant with Panasonic where she was scarcely in charge of still angiotensin-converting enzyme of the subsidiarys account. Due to outstanding performance, she was promoted some(prenominal)(prenominal) times within a span of 3 stratums. This was parallel to the companys policy to provide opportunities for addresser development to retain talents. However, even with superb promotion sees, Jane does non hold a lot authority In determination-making. With meeting pissed off deadlines and superiors expectation the only(p renominal) challenges, mull everyplace line of decease were mundane and this government issueed in a leave out of indigence for her.Although this job provided her the work-life balance she treasured, she did non enjoyed the spirit of her work at all. Furthermore, the closely pivotal reason for her exit was cod to the clash of personal pry. During the period of sparing d proclaim round, there was a sort of the management. In come in to present a commanding financial results to the owners, Jane was ordered to manage the hire accounts. This do Jane face with an estim fit dilemma. conjugated with her overleap of job rejoicing, she indomit up to(p) to leave of absence the job. Next, she moved on to her next charge to work as an retainer Finance Manager.The Meanys value is in line with her personal value. More over, her current nature of do Jane super incited by the new challenges accessible to her every day, and satisfied with her working environment and work life balance offered. Interviewee 2 Name surface-to-air missile Nag Highest educational Qualification Primary 6 Age 55 stratums old Gender Male Work experience 38 years Past occupation mental synthesis Worker, Interior Design Contractor electric current occupation Taxi Driver surface-to-air missile is currently working as hack writer driver of Comfort and has been there for close to 17 years.He is married with two children and has been the fix breadwinner of the Emily. Thus, the major factors which make ford Cams life story history is speculate stableness, health and work life balance. Being part of a big family of 12 children, surface-to-air missile, who was the 10th child, could only study up to secondary 3 sooner he was coerce to drop out of shallow to support the family by working for his uncle. When asked to classify himself chthonic three of the six personalities and environments that Holland developed which suits her best, she chose Conventional, Enterprisi ng and Realistic.Career History of Individual surface-to-air missile started working as a amply time construction worker at the age of 18. He was working for his uncle and his separate younger brothers were excessively working there, albeit with contrasting tasks. Weighed down with the responsibility of taking care of them, he has no alternative exclusively bear with the harsh working conditions. Moreover, he knew that with his lowly education level, he could only take up jobs of such nature. by and by several years, the materially- asking moving in finally took a toll on his torso.He then establish out that this romp could only proceed him as long as his body could take it and that he pick uped a second Job. Furthermore, the low wage demand of foreign workers led to an influx f them, resulting in suppression of his wages. This made surface-to-air missile to be worried about his Job st dexterity. With the encouragement of family, surface-to-air missile went into a f usion for interior designing. However, Just when the business was doing well, came the 1997 ocean stinting downturn. This resulted in the failure of the business. Having filed for bankruptcy, Sam decided to take up the nag driver vocational license course.Subsequently, Sam has been on the course for 17 years as a taxi driver. Although this job still imposes physical strain on his body, the flexibility and stability of the Job was one that he valued. Name Marvin Tan Highest Educational Qualification O Levels Age 52 years old Work experience 35 years Past occupation vent Force Technician, Insurance Agent Current occupation Remised Marvin has been working as a remised with DMS & Partners Securities since year 2002 till now. As a cause of three, and also the sole breadwinner of the family, Marvin seeks Jobs that had stability and regular working hours.When asked to classify himself under three of the six personalities and environments that Holland developed which suits him best, he chose Investigative, Conventional and Realistic. Career History of Individual Marvin started working at the age of 17 repayable to family luck. He was enrolled into the first year of pre-university, only then when his father was forced into retirement at Journo shipyard, He realised that his family would non be able to undergo the exorbitant university school fees even if he had made it through to university.At the age of 17, he had to look for a Job in order to shoulder the responsibilities of supporting for the family. Since young, he had always wanted to be a pilot, but the process was a long and tedious one, so he decided to put his dream aside and be an air force technician instead. The benefit of world a regular is a shelter income so that he could ease his fathers expenses burden, by seeing his younger brother and baby through their secondary school education.Marvin unexpended the air force by and by 12 years as he matte that the way the organization worked did n on real suit him, and thus decided to hack out a career for himself. During the arrears as a technician, he also picked up the habit of reading the newspapers daily, which got him to realize that his stakes is in analyzing shares and broths. Moreover, he also snarl that he has a ease of analyzing the stock market. His ultimate objective was to be a remised but he opted to apply as a dealer first because he wanted to learn the ropes of the sedulousness, and to also grade a clientele.Moreover, a dealer would devour a basic pay which inducement him back then because he had to test 3 children. While waiting for a retort to his applications, he was also bewail to know more about the insurance policy industry. He took the germane(predicate) papers to secure additional acquaintance, and ended up as an insurance agent for half a year. Companies who were hiring dealers back then were looking for university graduates and moreover, Marvin erect that the insurance industry wa s non fit for him so he was only left with the choice of being a remised.After so many twists in Margins career path, he finally got accepted into summit securities at the age of 30, and has been working as a remised since then. Personality, Mr.. Tan feels that he is relentless, passionate and has a high level of self- efficacy. Suppers Archway Model Suppers Archway Model proves that individuals self supposition may change in the synthesizing and conciliatory process of the inter proceeding amidst relevant psychological, personal and societal elements, which in turn influences the choice ND development of the individuals career.For Jane, the panoptic 5 life stages by crack (1957) suggests that Jane is in the implementation stage, where career prospect should be high on Canes precession list. With the various advancement opportunities available to Jane, this should have encouraged her to continue employment with Panasonic. However, her termination to switch companies prove d otherwise. Having an independent and would-be(prenominal) disposition, she is competitive and works well where there are many opportunities to make headway. She craves for more decision making autonomy than what she held at Panasonic.Even though Jane is able to complete her Job-tasks well, the lack of challenges fails to motivate her to put forth her best efforts. This resulted in her resignation as the extrinsic motivation of promotion was unable to compensate the lack of intrinsic motivation. Furthermore, Canes family has instilled a strong whimsey of honesty and ethics and this personal value has been something she tried to uphold her whole life. The ethical dilemma she faced was undo by her strong sense of personal values.Moreover, the education she received emphasized on the fact that accounting figures speaks the truth. Staying on will convey that there will be a huge conflict of value surrounded by her and the company. This shows that Jane has a high level of career m aturity from a young age, due to her strong self- apprehension of who she is and what she likes. Hence, the change from her previous Job at Panasonic to her current one shows that Jane seeks to peppy out her vocational self impression through the choice of her Job in order to attain Job satisfaction which she valued.It is shown work satisfactions are dependent on the degree to which an individual nones adequate outlets for abilities, needs, values, interests, personality traits and self-concepts However, the possibleness fails to recognize which of the constructs involved in this proposition is theoretically most evidential to career satisfaction which ultimately affects the choice of Canes career. For Sam, he was brought up in a traditional family which value kinship deeply.Being responsible for(p) and favoring Job stability, this should have resulted in Sam continuing his work with the interaction among psychological, personality and societal elements that influences his self-concept revealed the reason bunghole his Job switch. With only a wed 6 qualification in hand, his adroitness signifi assholetly limited Sam to only a few number of occupation. together with the societal factor of family, which is to take care of his siblings and carrying on the burden of earning money for the family, made him accept the fact of working in the harsh environment.However, the physical strain on his body spark the thought of a career change. Moreover, the looser foreign policy passed by the government created an influx of foreign workers, most nonably threatening his Job stability and suppressing of his wages, created the motivation of him switching Jobs. Coupled with his risk-taking personality, the need of getting a higher income for his development family and his interest for interior designing subtle Cams self concept and prompted him to enter into the partnership.In Cams case, although the down of his self concept has provided reasons for his subsequent career choice, it is important to note that Sam does not have much control over the formation of his self-concept, with only control over how to translate it into occupational choices. Furthermore, Suppers Archway mock up should be complemented by his Life-career Rainbow to better garnish Cams career hoicks. His life and career may be viewed as an attempt to expect out a self-concept through the portmanteau word of a selected number of life mathematical functions, distributively of which makes different demands on energy and time.For Marvin, being only an O levels holder, his aptitude limited his Job choices and he could only settle among what interest him and his educational qualifications, with his family in straits at the same time. Even though Marvin has always wanted to be a pilot since young, he was not able to realize his dream due to his family circumstances and opted to work something close o it instead, as an air force technician, compromising amongst individual and social factors his self-concept and reality. As Marvin full-blown and the burden of supporting his family lightened, it got him pondering on what was best for his career.Over a span of 12 years, there was a gradual change in Margins self-concept and perspective due to several factors such as realizing that repairing airplanes was not what he wanted to do for the rest of his life, and the communications protocol was not something that suited him. Having been reading the newspapers for several years, he developed a words interest in the stock market, and believed that he has a knack for it. Having an inquisitive personality, he decided to applied to be a dealer instead of being blind by his primary objective to be a remised.This is because he recognized the brilliance of teaching the ropes of the industry as a dealer in order to be a corking remised. Moreover, he wanted to micturate a clientele and that the incentive of a stable pay would be able to support his family. He al so recognized that the insurance industry was emergence which encouraged him to gain additional knowledge while waiting for a reply to his applications. Eventually, Marvin took up the opportunity to be a remised as his educational qualification was not enough to land him a Job as a dealer.This transition has prove the career adaptability Marvin has, whereby he has successfully able to a completely different and unfamiliar with(predicate) environment. Moreover, the takeover of his previous company, which took place n 2010, meant that Marvin also had to adapt to the new work protocol and hierarchy. It is also apparent own interests and strengths. Starting from a client cornerstone of null, Marvin has been a remised for the past arrears, weathering through all obstacles, simply because he as been doing what he like.Marvin had no regrets when it came to the crunch, leaving his solacement zone, the stable pay he got as an air force technician, to take up a new challenge and to cor rect on himself, for his interest had spurred him on. Suppers model mentioned that the degree of satisfaction people attain from work is proportional to the degree to which they have been able to implement their self- concept, which is relevant in Margins case. Essentially, Suppers possibility addresses the entire span of a persons life. However, the fivesome developmental stages that Super 1957) had developed are not completely applicable in Margins case.Although Marvin had an aspiration during the growth stage that lasted to the age of 14, it was short-lived. His exploration stage, from age 15 to 24, was diminished short as he had to find a job after his father was forced to retire. Marvin did not have the chance to plan for his preferred occupation. The establishment stage, took place late at when he was 30 instead of 25 years old, as he had to serve a token(prenominal) bond of 10 years before he could leave the army. Grumblers Theory Grumblers theory also known as the sociabl e Learning Theory of Career DecisionMaking, explores the concept of triadic reciprocal interaction, which is the interaction between heredity and environmental attributes, and the importance of instrumental & associable larn and how they in turn influence an individuals work deportment. The 4 major factors that influence ones career development include contractable endowment, environmental conditions, learning experiences and task appeal skills. For Jane, she was born in a family where two her parents worked as an Accountant. Inherited with their genes, Jane was born a fast learner with a keen sense towards numbers.Moreover, after observing the success her parents had as an Accountant, provided her an associative learning experience, where she also want to pattern her own behavior after. This resulted to her taking up Accountancy during her university. Having come through good results in her course and the good reviews she had during her internship, this provided her an ins trumental learning experience. The interaction between these factors reinforced her self-concept and formed self statements of valuation of her interest and efficacy expectations in the written report of accounting which led to her taking up her first Job as an Assistant Accountant in Panasonic.Although this theory did not played an important part to show the development of her career, this provided the reason of Canes initial decision to work as an Accountant. For Sam, he feature an innate artistic ability for designing. His knack at designing was affirmed by the various awards he received by taking part in designing competition during his secondary school days. However, faced with environmental conditions such as the lack of Job opportunities available to him and his family encouragement to tie in the construction industry, Sam believed that this as the best choice and started work with his uncle as a construction worker.Physical exertions at the construction argument provide d a form of instrumental learning experience that served to educate him about the limitations of his physical and events played a big role in shaping Cams ultimate occupation. The economic downturn in 1997, which led to his eventual(prenominal) bankruptcy, provided an instrumental learning experience which made him realized the risk he was assailable to by operating a business of this nature and the lack of work life balance as a result of his hectic schedule. To add on, the nature of his business requires him to travel around Singapore in order to meet his customers.This allowed him to find out his talent in remembering road names. Moreover, the relatively stable rice-bowl and flexibility nature off taxi-driver affiliates with his value of stability and work life balance. The interaction between his contractable endowment, environmental conditions and learning experiences lead to his eventual career as a taxi-driver. For Marvin, being able to stay in the industry for arrears and more, and to build a clientele from nothing, can only prove how trustworthy and discriminating he is in analyzing the stock market.Although Marvin was not given the chance to further his studies, he had the determination to pursue his interest and succeed in it. Having borne as the eldest child in the family, environmental circumstances determined his first Job, but he was not entirely satisfied with what he had at that time. The nature of the Job provided Marvin an instrumental learning experience which reminded him that the nature of the Job was not suitable for him and thus, decided to leave after serving his bond in order to pursue the interest and innate ability he had discovered n himself in the field of stock analyzing.This theory has influenced Margins career decisions as we can see that an action plan was established to first take a dealer to support his family and build a clientele, before applying to be a remised. He had also recognized the ontogeny demand of the ins urance industry, thus identifying it as an alternative if he had failed to become a dealer, which was what happened eventually. He then worked as an insurance agent for half a year before leaving his post for what he had always wanted to do, to be a remised.