Company Law Tutorial

Company law tutorial question year 3 Semester1. 1. â€Å"Under the ordinary rules of law, a present company and a subsidiary company, even a 100 per cent subsidiary company, are distinct legal entities and in the absence of an agency contract between the two companies, one cannot be said to be the agent of the other. This seems to be clearly established by the rule in Salomon v. A. Salomon & Co. Ltd. † Critically discuss. 2. â€Å"The principle laid down in Foss v. Harbottle continues to create a significant obstacle to minority shareholder action. Discuss. 3. Layton Co. Ltd. , private company with Articles in the form of Table A, has in its memorandum, the following clauses: â€Å"The objects for which the company is established are: (i) to manufacture, process and distribute computer software and CD Roms; (ii) to purchase and hold property, to borrow or to lend money, and to dispose of funds or property owned by the company; and (iii) to do anything that is in the opinion of the directors necessary to make profits from the use of the assets of the company. † Geoff and Marcia, two of the directors of Layton Co.Ltd. , own approximately 20 percent of the shares in Layton Co. Ltd. Stacy, a director, unbeknown to the board of directors, purports to enter into a contract with High State Developers Ltd. , â€Å"on behalf of Layton Co. Ltd. ,† for the construction of a health spa for stressed executives. In order to secure machinery, Stacy writes to Health Fanatic Inc. , on Layton Co. Ltd. ‘s stationery, offering Health Fanatic Inc. the contract to provide technical training for any staff employed by the spa. Health Fanatic Inc. accepts the offer. Layton Co. Ltd. , now refuses to build he health spa due to a depression in the market and is consequently not in need of Health Fanatic Inc. ‘s services. Discuss. 4. Tamara and Kathy have been conducting business as artefact restorers for several years. In January, 1999, Tamara and Kathy d ecided to incorporate their business. In order to facilitate the building of the registered head office of the company, Tamara purchased land from her grandfather for$50,000. Meanwhile, Kathy executed a contract on behalf of Heritage Ltd. , engaging the services of Sherry, a geology expert, to carry out a geological survey.Sherry submitted a report headed â€Å"subject to confirmation† which stated that the land was suitable for building a multistoried complex and that there was evidence of mineral deposits. In June 2004, Heritage Ltd. was incorporated as a public company with Tamara, Kathy and Bill as its directors. Tamara promptly sold the parcel of land to Heritage Ltd. for $2. 2 million and submitted an invoice for $70,000 for services rendered prior to the incorporation of Heritage Ltd. In April 2005, Tamara, unbeknown to the board, enters into an agreement with Jump Up Inc. or the acquisition of a fleet of trucks. It is customary for Heritage Ltd. to lease trucks as acq uisition is extremely costly. Advise. The capital of Bush Tea Co. Ltd. consists of fully paid up ordinary and preference shares. The governing regulations of Bush Tea Co Ltd. provide as follows: â€Å"17(a) Preference shareholders shall receive a cumulative preference dividend of 5% half yearly; and (b)Two votes shall be attached to each preference share issued. † Due to an outbreak of the Pink Mealy bug disease, the production of bush tea has dramatically declined.The board of directors of Bush Tea Co. Ltd. proposes to alter clause 17(a) of the governing regulations to reduce the preference dividend from 5% to 2% and to move a resolution to increase the voting rights of ordinary shareholders. Advise the preference shareholders. 5. In 2001, Mr. Ingenious decided to build condominiums on a parcel of beach front property which he had purchased in 1996 for $40,000. On March 26th, 2001, Mr. Ingenious instructed Mr. Safe Guard, an attorney-at-law, to incorporate a company to be ca lled Beach Haven Ltd. to manage the condominiums. Immediately after leaving Mr.Safe Guard's office, Mr. Ingenious entered into an oral agreement on behalf of Beach Haven Ltd. with Fast Seal Cement Ltd. for the supply of building blocks for the construction of the condominiums. The company, Beach Haven Ltd. , was eventually incorporated, in January, 2002. Its board of directors consists of Mr. Ingenious, Mr. Deke, Ms. Peta-Gaye and Ms. Jayanti. At the directors' meeting of February, 2002, the board of directors resolved to purchase the beach front property from Mr. Ingenious for $1million. Unfortunately, due to a slump in the real estate market Beach Haven Ltd. s profits declined significantly. It has been discovered that, prior to incorporation, Mr. Ingenious contracted with Wire Steel Inc. , signing on behalf of Beach Haven Ltd. , for the supply of 12 tons of high-tension steel at a price well above the market price. Mr. Deke, in March, 2003, hired his girlfriend, as a consultant, for $10,000 per month without board approval. The cement blocks purportedly purchased on Beach Haven Ltd. ‘s behalf are discovered to be of inferior quality. Advise Beach Haven Ltd. 6. Sashawa Enterprises Ltd. (SE Ltd. ) is a public company incorporated in Jambah.The Articles of Association of SE Ltd. are in the form of Table A. The objects clause of the Memorandum of Association contain the following provisions: (a)To carry on the business of the manufacture of textiles and clothing apparel; (b)To borrow money; (c)To do all such things which in the opinion of the directors may be conveniently carried out by the company. In January, 2001, Michael and Midge, two directors of SE Ltd. , contracted with Caribbean Construction Ltd. to build a coffee shop on premises adjacent to the corporate headquarters of SE Ltd. To finance this project SE Ltd. orrowed $5 million from Careless Bank Ltd. This loan was approved quickly, since Careless Bank Ltd. was a long standing customer of SE Lt d. and Careless Bank Ltd. was satisfied of Caribbean Construction Ltd. ‘s credit worthiness. After the events of September 11th, 2001, the profits of SE Ltd. declined considerably. SE Ltd. is no longer interested in constructing the coffee shop and is refusing to pay both Caribbean Construction Ltd. and Careless Bank Ltd. Nevertheless SE Ltd. is desirous of donating $12 million dollars to the International War Relief Fund. Discuss.

Odeon Cinema Pestle Analysis

The benefit of a PESTLE analysis is that it allows you to complete a basic audit on an organisations position in relation to the macro environment It can then go to influence a number of business decisions within the organisation . I would also use this tool to complete the strength and weaknesses of a SWOT analysis which I believe sits well alongside this tool. I believe the PESTLE framework is a good way to highlight the potential threats to a business yet my concern is that the data collated could be only one side of a coin.For PESTLE analysis to be balanced it may need a ‘group’ to complete independent reports and then share them together to get a more accurate assessment. I also read up a phrase which I really liked which suggests that the collecting of too much information may make it difficult to see the wood from the trees â€Å"PARALYSIS by ANALYSIS† PESTLE ANALYSIS ODEON & UIC CINEMA Odeon & UIC Cinema operate in UK and major European countries 236 cinem a and 2179 screens as of December 2012 The PESTLE Analysis below is mainly for the UK arm of the business Political Government review of Film Policy was release Jan 2012 is positive news for the film industry, * Plans to bring film education to all schools and raise interest in the cinema world Economic * Interests rates remain low which should allow for investment in development of new projects * Revenue growth held back due to lower advertising revenues Social cultural * A trip to the cinema is still an affordable form of entertainment. * It caters for all ages and offers varied genre Average age range of highest % of cinema goers is the 24-34 year age * Many of the new developments in the Odeon experience surround the introduction of better food and drink offering collaborating with Costa Coffee, Croma gourmet pizza bar †¦ Technological * Innovation in film quality and special effects is keeping the cinema experience current * Social media utilised for marketing is a growth area * 3-D screens and digital rolled out and completed in uk * 16 I-MAX theatres introduced to UK territory Online purchasing of tickets reducing queue times and booking queries Legal * Government giving strong commitment to deal with piracy and illegal exploitation of intellectual property, * UK Film Tax Relief remains unchanged Ethical and ecological * In the UK Odeon Cinema have backed to key government initiatives , Responsible Drinking and the Health Responsibility pledge * Policies in place to reduce energy, water and waste materials are in place throughout all the territories.

Classroom Observation Essay

The opportunity that was given for our class to visit Ozark Elementary was so great. Being able to see how other surrounding districts conduct their business is such great insight. I have been to three other schools in the past. Each time that I visited a new school, I would pick up something new to stick in my tool belt to use in my own classroom one day. Having seen a variety of classrooms during my visit at Ozark Elementary was very beneficial to me. Each teacher conducted themselves in a different but professional ways. Their teaching styles were different, their classroom setups were different and so were many other things. One thing that all the teachers had in common was they were all working towards being a strong support system for their students by guiding them on their journeys to becoming proficient readers and writers. During my visit I was paying close awareness to how the classrooms were arranged. None of the classrooms that I was able to observe in was messy or cluttered. The classrooms felt homey and welcoming. Some rooms had the desks in rows, some in groups and a few classes had their desks in a â€Å"U† shape. I really like how organized the rooms really were, it makes for a better learning climate in the classroom. The main classroom that I was in had only a few anchor charts up on the walls. When it was time for me to observe a whole group mini lesson I noticed the anchor chart that connected with the spelling lesson. Along with a few educational anchor charts on the walls, this teacher had a huge bulletin board dedicated strictly about the different corners in her classroom. The students were able to use this board to direct them to where they need to be. The board had a picture of each corner that was in the room for the children to use. I did not get to witness the whole group lesson in this class but I did come in during the guided reading time. When it became the time to split up during guided reading the students were able to come look up at the board and figure out which area they needed to be in by finding where their name was on the board. Each corner also was labeled by color. The color card that was next to the child’s name was the area that they were to be in until the bell rang. During the time that the students had in their corners, the teacher was working with a small group of about 5 for their guided reading time. She was evaluating the students as they read through their books that she picked out for them. As they were reading she was writing down notes about each child. I thought it was so neat to see that time play out. The students were all mostly on task. They knew what they were supposed to be working on and that she was off limits so that way she could direct her attention better towards the students in small group. Much differentiation took place in these corners that the students were in. She had areas that appeased those auditory learners, kinesthetic, and visual learners. Throughout the areas in the class the children were able to learn the way that they feel most confident about. The auditory learners were able to listen to a book on a CD and follow along in the book. Kinesthetic students were able to get their hands on words to make sentences. The visual learners were able to use the smart board to do activities that helped them learn a concept better. I could tell that she had spent a lot of time building this routine with her students. It was like clock work watching her students do what they were supposed to be doing. When the bell went off, the students knew that meant it was time to clean up and switch areas. I definitely know that this was a positive community atmosphere. The students all had low voices and were collaborating with one another when they needed help so that way the teacher would not be interrupted during her small group time. The teacher created this in her classroom to insure that all of her students feel comfortable and supported as they grow in becoming independent readers. The word that kept popping up in my head while the students were all working like they were supposed to was â€Å"self-regulated†. This allowed the learning in the areas of Reading and Writing and also allowing her to assume a facilitators role during their experiential learning opportunities. In the mix of all the things I was learning, I noticed the teachers focusing more on positive behavior rather then only the students misbehaving. During a kindergartens whole group learning time, they were all sitting on the carpet together next to the teacher. They were working on sounding out sentences that the teacher had written out. I kept hearing, â€Å"I like the way _______ is sitting criss-cross applesauce and the way _____ is not tapping their friends shoulders† etc. I remember being in the younger grades and always hearing the words: no, stop, and don’t do that. I love that way the teachers are handling the different behaviors now. I also noticed that instead of always pointing out the negative when the student is misbehaving that the teacher would just use close proximity. Several teachers I seen that day use this method. They would walk up close to the student and nicely put hand on shoulder. That student then knew ok it was time to stop and listen. I think a lot of the positive behavior I seen when observing was coming from the PBIS program that Ozark has implemented. I noticed as I left each room, by the door inside each classroom is a chart of how to act in each area of a school. All the classrooms said the same thing. I think this does a lot with eliminating the confusing that students have on how to act with whom and what is or is not expectable during certain times. I really hope to work for a district that implements this support program. I see the effects of it being more positive then anything else I have ever observed. In visiting a lot of different classrooms that day I really loved the third grade class I got to observe the most. It was so fun to see the kids actively engaged in what they were learning. The class was participating in learning the parts of a letter. Before all the students came to the carpet for instruction they had the chance to get their wiggles out. The teacher played the best Youtube video that had Sid in it from Ice Age. He was doing the Sid Slide. It was a 2-3 minute video playing music to where the students had to dance out to. It was so fun to watch them really get in the groove and let out some energy. This was very useful because as the students went to the carpet for instruction they were not as wiggly as they would have been without having the time to let it all out. During the instruction carpet time the students were engaged in learning the part of a letter by standing up using their bodies to form a letter. This was a way for the students to be active and have a device to remember the parts. It turned into a game between the teacher and the students. She would say â€Å"date† and they would grab their head, and then say â€Å"signature† and they would touch their feet and so on. Not only were they being active and learning it but each part of a letter was listed on the anchor chart being used on the board. I think after the students went back to their seats it would have been a good time for the teacher to give the students 30-60 seconds to re-teach to a shoulder partner what they learned. This would have gone along with cooperative teaching and given the students a chance to recap what they just learned. The teacher then could have gone around and listened to hear some of the things the students were saying to their partner and used that time as an evaluation. The students did not care that we were in the classroom at all. I do not even think they knew we were there; they were so focused and engaged. I gained a lot of knowledge and ideas during the short time we were observing. I would really like to go back again. I know when I have my own classroom I will have to develop a structured and fluid reading model that will maintain productivity while I meet with students in small groups for guided reading. I also now see the importance of the details of scaffolding necessary to turn emergent readers into fluent readers. Above all, I learned that my student’s overall well-being will be of the greatest consideration in the planning and performance of precise and engaging learning activities. These teachers have mastered what works and I can not wait to execute all these ideas and activities.

€œWe see and understand things not as they are but as we Essay

â‚ ¬Ã…“We see and understand things not as they are but as we are.â‚ ¬Ã¯ ¿ ½ Discuss this claim in relation to at least two ways of knowing - Essay Example Empiricism is the theory that knowledge can only be gained from actual perceptions. It is an extension of the Aristotelian theory that human mind is a blank slate (or in Aristotle’s words – â€Å"Tabula Rasa†, an empty tablet) and only experience can bring in knowledge. This was later expounded in the 17th century by a number of philosophers like, Locke. As per this theory, only the sensory experiences allow us to understand the world. Soon it could be seen that experiences and sensations, by themselves, cannot explain most of the things like religion, philosophical concepts etc. It was therefore necessary to add an element of inductive inference from the actual sensory perception to convert it into knowledge. This is, by definition, a deviation from the pure empiricism as the inductive inference that a human being makes is dependent on the habits and beliefs of the person in question. Knowledge thus ceases to be an absolute entity anymore and is dependent on the person acquiring the belief. Rationalism states that reason is the fundamental building block of our knowledge. It does not ignore the physical sensory perceptions but argues that the reason in the human mind is responsible for co-relating the events into knowledge. The most famous exponent of this theory was Rene Descartes. His â€Å"cogito ergo sum† or â€Å"I think, therefore I am† is probably the simplest definition of rationalism – where the process of thinking of an individual becomes the keystone of his knowledge. As Babich and Cohen tells us in regard to Descartes that â€Å"because he assumes that the intellect is naturally the same in all humans, everyone can participate in this knowledge if they can think† (Babich and Cohen, p.53). Rationalism is based on certain specific concepts like the intuition/ deduction theory, the innate knowledge theory and the innate concept theory. The intuition/ deduction theory tells us that knowledge

U10a2 Life Cycle of the Stars Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

U10a2 Life Cycle of the Stars Paper - Essay Example Astronomers can determine the mass, age, chemical composition and many other properties of a star by observing its spectrum, luminosity and motion through space. The total mass of a star is the principal determinant in its evolution and eventual fate. Other characteristics of a star are determined by its evolutionary history, including diameter, rotation, movement and temperature. A plot of the temperature of many stars against their luminosities, known as a Hertzprung-Russell diagrams (H–R diagram), allows the age and evolutionary state of a star to be determined. Stellar evolution is the process by which a star undergoes a sequence of radical changes during its lifetime. Depending on the mass of the star, this lifetime ranges from only a few million years (for the most massive) to trillions of years (for the least massive, which is considerably more than the age of the universe). Stellar evolution is not studied by observing the life of a single star, as most stellar changes occur too slowly to be detected, even over many centuries. Instead, astrophysicists come to understand how stars evolve by observing numerous stars at the various points in their life, and by simulating stellar structure with computer models. Stellar Evolution: A nebula is a cloud of gas (hydrogen) and dust in space. Nebulae are the birthplaces of stars. There are different types of nebula. An Emission Nebula which glows brightly because the gas in it is energized by the stars that have already formed within it. In a Reflection Nebula, starlight reflects on the grains of dust in a nebula. The nebula surrounding the Pleiades Cluster is typical of a reflection nebula. Dark Nebula also exists. These are dense clouds of molecular hydrogen which partially or completely absorb the light from stars behind them. 1st stage of a stars life: PROTOSTAR Stellar evolution begins with the gravitational collapse of a giant molecular cloud (GMC). As it collapses, a GMC breaks into smaller and small er pieces. In each of these fragments, the collapsing gas releases gravitational potential energy as heat. As its temperature and pressure increase, a fragment condenses into a rotating sphere of superhot gas known as a prostar. Protostars with masses less than roughly 0.08Â  M (1.6?1029 kg) never reach temperatures high enough for nuclear fusion of hydrogen to begin. These are known as brown dwarfs. For a more massive prostar, the core temperature will eventually reach 10 million kelvins, initiating the proton-proton chain reaction and allowing hydrogen to fuse, first to deuterium and then to helium. The onset of nuclear fusion leads relatively quickly to a hydrostatic equilibrium in which energy released by the core exerts a "radiation pressure" balancing the weight of the star's matter, preventing further gravitational collapse. The star thus evolves rapidly to a stable state, beginning the main sequence phase of its evolution. A new star will fall at a specific point on the mai n sequence of the Hertzprung-Russell diagrams, with the main sequence spectral type depending upon the mass of the star. Small, relatively cold, low mass red dwarfs burn hydrogen slowly and will remain on the main sequence for hundreds of billions of years, while massive, hot super giants will leave the main sequence after just a few million years. A mid-sized star like the Sun will remain on the main sequence for about 10 billion years. . A star of less than about 0.5 solar mass will

Understanding customer service Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Understanding customer service - Essay Example While these moments keep occurring within a business, capturing these moments remains essential in enhancing business performance. The identification of such moments therefore becomes essential in reacting to the moment of truth presented to a businessperson. Jan Carlzon’s moment of truth focused on instances when businesspersons came into contact with customers. While the customer remains the most influential stakeholder to the success of business, this might not be the only moment of truth. Coming into contact with customer, however, remains a significant moment because the business becomes enabled to learn about the perceptions of the customer (Carlzon 1989). Understanding these feeling and perceptions remains essential in making customer service better. Within service focused businesses, this aspect of contacting the customer remains essential as the customer consumes the services directly. Within a manufacturing industry the instances of making such contact become increasingly limited. Customers rarely have direct contact with the company and the moment of truth could be encountered through the products delivered. Encounters with realistic experiences enable visualization of experiences based on the perceptions of other individuals. Companies can improve their performance through addressing various issues occurring within a moment of truth, by initiating essential changes into business operations. Not all interactions with customers could be defined as moments of truth. Increased focus on customer interactions could provide misleading information regarding the expectations of other people regarding the business products and services. Business products can enable business customers to make decisions regarding company products or services. Moments of truth can be established through analysis of company performance, based on the vision and mission of the company. This aspect defines

Hometown Deli Competitive Analysis Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Hometown Deli Competitive Analysis - Case Study Example However, with the threat of looming competition, it is important to analyze the market and determine the possible change in profitability. It is also important to identify a strategy that will be used to improve the business and make it viable in this time. The first aspect of Porter’s five force analysis is the supplier power, which is the importance of the supplier when serving more than one competitor (Porter, 2008). From the analysis of Hometown Deli, it can be determined that the previous owner built a network of suppliers. This means that the supplier is a powerful force in the industry. From the products of the deli, it is evident that there are many possible avenues for getting new suppliers, so the threat of supplier power is low. The best strategy to deal with the existing suppliers is to consolidate their services to guard from competition. This can be done by using one supplier and ensuring that long-term contracts are used with the supplier. The second aspect of P orter’s model is buyer power, and is probably the most important part of the analysis (Porter, 2008). From the history of the deli, it is evident that the previous owner built a network of customers, and the new owner has to find a strategy of retaining these customers. The information indicates that the deli has been a local hotspot for many years, and the best strategy to deal with the power of the buyer is to ensure that these customers do not move with the potential competition. This is done by ensuring that the customers retain their image of the company. In this case, Hometown Deli should provide promotional content aimed at retaining old customers, like using loyalty programs for old customers and introducing prices for returning customers. The other factor is the threat of new entrants, which is determined by the existing competition in the region, cost advantages, barriers to entry and access to distribution (Porter, 2008). In the case of Hometown Deli, there is a bi g threat from competition, mainly because there are low barrier to entry and the potential competition has bigger profits, which means that they have more access to promotional content. This means that the deli is faced with the biggest threat from competition, ad to deal with it, management should come up with a way of increasing their competitive presence. The best strategy for this is to find extra sources of finance and improve the technological presence in the region. If the deli improves the service offered to its customers, it would make it easier to retain customers to the deli. The deli should be brought up to date in terms of competitive presence in the region. The fourth factor is the threat of substitutes, which is the competition faced by a business from the possibility of clients using substitute products (Porter, 2008). In the case of Hometown Deli, the main substitute product is fast food restaurant products, which is not so much of a problem. This force can be addre ssed by consolidating the clients’ preference for the deli product. The last factor is the degree of rivalry, which refers to the competition that would be posed by a rival company. Increased competition can drive profits very low since the market is very concentrated. With the threat of only one rival, it is important to establish a strong identity; otherwise the market could become a monopoly, especially since the potential com

Crosby Manufacturing Corporation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Crosby Manufacturing Corporation - Essay Example The President decided to hire Tim Emary as the project manager who is again observed to lack managerial experience in the field as well as do not belong to the formal project management group of the company, even though Emary is regarded to posses the capability of effective planning. 1. Livingston’s Selection of Emary as Project Manager was A Mistake or Right Decision The system which is presently being followed in Crossby, concentrating on the Management of Information System (MIS) as well as customer data base management has been criticized as totally obsolete which is no more competent to meet the financial requirements of the clientele. As a result, the organization was unable to obtain three big government contacts which would have represented the success of Crossby rendering it the desired competitive advantages. Even though the President of the organization has taken an objective-oriented plan and an ultimate target of procuring more government contacts, he was unable to identify the root cause of problem within the organization. When assessing the effectiveness of the currently used MCCS process in Crossby, it can be observed that efficiency in the execution process is one of the vital factors for the succession of any project which lacked in the organization. ... The most probable disadvantage of this enrolment can be identified with respect to the proper execution of the planning owing to the limited technical knowledge of Emary regarding Electronic Data Processing (EDP). Even though Emary is regarded as a competent planner, he lacks in sufficient understanding of the technical requirements of projects related to MCCS and therefore might cause trouble in the execution process when performing the roles of project manager, i.e. monitoring and providing suggestions to the functional employees of the EDP department through proper execution of the process, providing approval for the requirement of new systems as well as servers, coordinating and maintaining effective communication flow among all the departments, setting the future requirements of the various departments and making the required contacts of procurements with the suppliers of the IT materials in a cost efficient way (Bainey, 2004). To perform these responsibilities competently, adeq uate experience is required in the field of project management. Therefore, it can be stated that even though Emary is a competent planner, he is not the right person for the execution of the project. In other words, hiring Emary as the project manager for such a crucial project shall lead to various limitations in terms of functional employee dissatisfaction, cost as well as time constraints. To be precise, from a critical perspective, hiring of Emary shall lead towards another failure to Crossby in obtaining governmental contracts. In order to mitigate this particular limitation, the President can either aim at rendering adequate training to Emary which can again be highly cost as well as time consuming. Or otherwise, the President shall hire an experienced professional for the

How the marketing of services differs from the marketing of products Essay

How the marketing of services differs from the marketing of products - Essay Example How the marketing of services differs from the marketing of products? When conducting the marketing of services, it is vital to depict the processes and proof of the service so that customers can have a positive image about the reliability of the services. Positive images and expectations allow the element of perceived value to be built in the consumer’s mind. In marketing products, there is no proof required as the product is something tangible that can be analyzed before buying and has the option of being returned if customers are not satisfied with it. For products, customers may be willing to pay a price before even viewing the actual price and this is based on the value perceived by the customer for the product. In products marketing, the price and benefits of the product is stated in the advertisement. In services marketing, it should be ensured to the customer that the service would be consistent and is going to meet the needs of the customer. Then the customer develops the perceived value for the service. Product pricing includes the material cost, the cost of distribution and the cost of manufacturing. The pricing of services include cost of offsite manufacturing and the traveling cost can be included if implied. The low cost in service pricing allows the firms to invest more in the service advertisements. In marketing the products and services, the place element of the marketing mix depends upon the type of products and services being offered. The products sold in retail outlets need to be in convenient location for the customers. For services, the place may not matter to the consumers.

Consumer Behaviour Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Consumer Behaviour Assignment - Essay Example Clammer (1992) argues that this is true even of the most mundane consumption choices, which can reflect an individual's identity, tastes and social position (see also Elliott and Wattanasuwan, 1998; Slater, 1997) (cited by Sowden and Grimmer, 2009, p 1). Motherhood requires different changes that a woman goes through when becoming a mother. One of the aspects of this is the change in roles. Together with this comes the brand new identity and often of priorities also. A woman who might have devoted much of her time on herself especially on physical aesthetic sense might suddenly feel that her needs to promote her physical looks is relegated to the more important role of taking care of a child. Because of this new role and identity where the new mom has to fit in, she is exposed to a mould of what the identity must be or must look like. The society sometimes paints the required image that a mom must take in order to fit in the mould or the individual projects her own identity which she feels is best accepted in the society. As she tries to orient herself with the new role, she is subjected to consumption choices and decisions that had been expected from the identity that she has just assumed or wants to assume. These consumption decisions particularly refer to ... Similarly, other transitions or rites of passage points in the life cycle of the consumer could be viewed as identity projects. With the transition or with a new role to play, the consumer take on a new image which is necessarily consistent with the new identity he/she assumes. This then necessarily affect his/her consumption decision. Wattanasuwan (2005, p 179) stated that we do not really consume products just for necessity but also more importantly for the projection of the self that we want others to see. This self or this identity project is the one we hope that others within our group or subculture would accept and welcome with open arms. One case in point is the pre-adult or teenage years. This is a rather delicate and volatile stage as the individual tries to find out how he/she fits into the society he/she belongs to. Most of the issues that concern teenagers move towards their desire to belong and be accepted. Many young people would try to create and project an identity of maturity in their hopes to easily blend into the world of adults. "Symbolic consumption is taking on a greater role in distinguishing the pre-adult from the adult" (Ozanne, 1992 as cited by Batat, n.d.). Others would use this identity project to impress their peers or to be accepted in certain circles or groups. "The use of goods as symbols for communicating with other consumers is related to the use of goods in the development of self-identity. Individual can then use the symbolic content of chosen consumption objects to reflect their affiliation or connection to a particular social group" (Batat, n.d. cited from Elliott and Wattanasuwan, 1998 ). Because of this, the consumption choices we face would depend on the identity we

Engine Management Essay Example for Free

Engine Management Essay Engine Management System ensure that engines run cleanly and efficiently in a wide variety of conditions, they are for the most part reliable and require little or no maintenance. Two basic functions performed by an EMS: (1) to meter fuel to the engine in the right quantity and (2) to provide a spark at the right time. An EMS is a self contained custom built computer which controls the running of an engine by monitoring the engine speed, load and temperature and providing the ignition spark at the right time for the prevailing conditions and metering the fuel to the engine in the exact quantity required. There are two discrete subsystems in operation within the EMS The fuel or injection system and The ignition system. When the engine is running its requirements for fuel and ignition timing will vary according to certain engine conditions, the main two being engine speed and engine load. This Map injection gives the appropriate fuel or timing setting for each possible speed and load condition. There will normally be a map for the injector timings (fuel map) and a separate map for the ignition timing settings (ignition map) within the EMS. Each map has entries for a pre-determined range of engine speeds (called speed sites) and a predetermined range of engine load conditions (called load sites), which generally indicate how far open the throttle is. The EMS knows the engine speed (derived from the crank sensor or distributor pickup) and the engine load (from the Throttle Position Sensor or airflow meter) and will use these two values to ‘look-up’ the appropriate fuel and timing settings in each map. If the current engine telemetry falls between the sites in the map then the value is interpolated between the nearest two sites. Normally there will be speed sites every 500 or so RPM and 8 to 16 load sites between closed and open throttle. In the example below speed sites are spaced every 1000-RPM and the eight load sites are numbered 0 to 7. An all-new line of V6 engines, with more horsepower, powers the 2006 Mercedes-Benz C-Class and more advanced technology than before. The luxury models feature a high-tech seven-speed automatic transmission, and the C350 Luxury sedan has the classic Mercedes balance of ride quality and handling. The line also includes sport models for those who want a sportier driving experience. Inside, the C-Class cars look and feel like a Mercedes-Benz, with firm, supportive seats and mostly high-quality materials. The C-Class delivers Mercedes engineering and safety technology, with optional all-wheel-drive that will improve traction in wet or wintry conditions. New engines for 2006 complement the substantial C-Class updates made just a year ago.   Mercedes redesigned the C-Class interior for 2005, freshened the exterior styling and further distinguished the sport models from the standard luxury sedans. A new six-speed manual transmission greatly improved shift action. New paint technology imbeds microscopic ceramic flakes in the clear coat finish, increasing its resistance to chipping and degradation over time. Aerodynamically, the C-Class cars are among the most efficient in the Mercedes-Benz family. The C-Class boasts a drag coefficient of 0.27, which helps minimize wind noise and improves fuel efficiency.   Interior Features The C-Class interior looks like the inside of a Mercedes-Benz should, and for the most part, it feels that way, too. A model re-alignment for 2006 has increased the level of luxury in the least expensive models. Fabric upholstery and manually operated seats can no longer be found in the C-Class line. The C-Class got a thorough interior re-do for the 2005 model year so the 2006 models benefit from that. The dashboard, instruments and seats were redesigned, and materials were revised throughout. The instrument cluster now features four gauges, with a chromed-ringed tachometer and speedometer of identical size sitting front and center. To the left and right of these are smaller fuel and temperature gauges. In the middle sits an LCD display with various system and trip functions. Fashioned in the mold of the larger Mercedes E-Class, the instrument cluster is deeply hooded and virtually eliminates glare on the dials. The backlit script is clear and easy to read. Audio controls are now located in what we consider the optimal spot: above the climate control switches, which sit at the bottom of the stack. Both audio and climate knobs are large and easy to locate. The switchgear is, for the most part, easy to use and understand. The stalk controls have a beefy feel with positive detents. Redundant buttons on the steering wheel let the driver operate the audio and telephone functions without removing a hand from the wheel. Lighting inside is effective, with good illumination for entry in the dark and excellent map lights for reading. The C-Class glove box is a good size, unless you order the CD changer, in which case you lose most of its storage space. In general, the C-Class sedans are trimmed with good-quality interior materials. Driving Impressions The 2006 Mercedes-Benz C-Class sedans have been improved across the board, thanks to a new family of V6 engines. The least powerful of the new C-Class engines, the 2.5-liter V6 in the C230 Sport sedan, rated at 201 horsepower, offers more power than the supercharged four-cylinder engine it replaces. As important, it is far smoother at all speeds and generally, fewer courses in feel, sound or the amount of vibration it generates. The 228-hp 3.0-liter V6 in the C280 Luxury sedan is much more powerful and satisfying than the anemic 2.6-liter V6 in the 2005 C240 (previously the best selling C-Class). Even the biggest V6, which was our favorite engine on the 2005 models, is much better for 2006. The 3.5-liter V6 in the C350 generates 268 horsepower, 20 percent more than the 3.2 in the 2005 C320, which improves acceleration performance considerably. Matched with either the six-speed manual or the high-tech seven-speed automatic, the new engine makes the C350 more responsive than the 2005 C320. The 3.5-liter V6 has fully variable valve timing to deliver an impressive amount of torque from idle all the way to the red line. The C350 responds more immediately than the C320, no matter how fast it is already traveling when the driver presses the accelerator. The new engine is also noticeably smoother, particularly at high rpm. In addition, thanks the seven-speed automatic, the improved performance comes without a corresponding decrease in fuel mileage. All of the C-Class cars offer nice steering, effective brakes and a good balance between ride and handling. Before choosing between a Luxury or Sport model, C-Class buyers should carefully consider whether a smooth ride or sharper handling is preferred because the trade-off between comfort and response changes with the model. The Sport models are more firmly sprung than the standard Luxury models. All C-Class models are quiet inside, even when blasting along at 80 mph. These sedans are aerodynamically slippery cars, and very little wind noise penetrates the cabin. As mentioned, the C-Class offers a choice of transmissions. The seven-speed automatic that comes on the C280 and C350 Luxury sedans is superior to five-speed automatics that come on most cars (to say nothing of an old-fashioned four-speed automatic). With more gears, it offers better acceleration performance and responsiveness around town as well as enhanced fuel efficiency. Gear changes are barely noticeable in normal driving, especially in the higher gears. This transmission allows significantly quicker acceleration for highway passing situations, and it does not have to go through every gear. Step on the gas and the transmission will skip down to the appropriate gear, switching from seventh to fifth, for example, and from there directly to third, meaning two downshifts instead of four. As for the manual transmission, Mercedes has lowered the ratio for first gear for quicker acceleration off the line, but kept an overdrive sixth gear for quiet, low-rev highway cruising and better fuel economy. More important, the old cable-operated shift mechanism has been replaced by a solid, direct rod. The result is easier, quicker and more precise shifting, and the improved action contributes greatly to a more rewarding, engaging driving experience. Shift effort is low, and the gears are easier to hit. For manual fans, we can heartily recommend the C230 Sport sedan. If you prefer an automatic but want a Sport model, we encourage you to step up to the C350 Sport sedan with the optional automatic. The optional 4MATIC all-wheel-drive system delivers power to all four wheels. It is fully automatic and on all the time, so there are no buttons to push and no special knowledge is needed; just drive the car. The system uses electronic traction control to vary torque each of the four wheels, diverting power to the tires with the best grip. Even if three wheels lose traction, 4MATIC can direct power to the one remaining tire with grip. The result is better stability and improved handling in slippery conditions, with a greatly reduced chance of being stuck. 4MATIC does dampen engine response and slow acceleration slightly, and lowers fuel mileage a bit. However, for those who drive through harsh winters, all-wheel drive is worth it. All-wheel-drive sedans such as the C-Class are proof that you do not need an SUV to confidently handle rough weather. In fact, a car tends to handle better in icy conditions than a truck. We consider all-wheel drive a valuable asset in the rainy Northwest or for the harsh winters of the Midwest and Northeast, and 4MATIC is priced much lower on the C-Class models than it is on other Mercedes models. Braking is excellent. Every C-Class model has good-sized brake rotors, and the Sport sedans feature cross-drilled rotors in front for better resistance to fade. (Braking effectiveness fades away as brakes get hot from repeated hard use.) All C-Class cars come with Electronic Brake-force Distribution (EBD) and Brake Assist. EBD can reduce stopping distances and improve stability when braking by distributing brake pressure between the front and rear wheels, giving more to the tires that are gripping best. Break Assist senses a panic-braking situation and helps ensure full braking force even if the driver makes the mistake of relaxing pressure on the brake pedal. The net effect is short, no-fuss stopping. In everyday use, the C-Class brakes are progressive in pedal feel. The C55 AMG might be the most impressive C-Class yet. It is a sports sedan in the extreme sense, capable of amazing acceleration, and handling and braking on par with exotic sports cars. It is capable of accelerating from 0 to 60 mph in an exotic-grade 4.9 seconds, according to Mercedes. The old C32 was super quick, too, but the C55 is less crude and more refined. Its big V8 engine is smoother, more tractable and less intrusive when a driver is cruising the freeway or just trundling along, and its deep, V8 exhaust note better suits the sportiest C-Class of all. How to maintain the engine of a car If we will take one look, why cars break down? We can see several things. Sometimes cars start having problems after accidents. Sometimes it may be a factory defect or design flaw. Heavy conditions like, for example, driving only short trips without letting the engine to warm up fully also make the engine life shorter. Corrosion is another factor for example, park the car for a few months in place with high humidity and later it will probably have more problems than the vehicle driven all this time on daily basis.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   One of the most reasons for a car to break down is maintenance. There are important remainders to maintain the car in good shape. A regular oil change may keep engine running, avoid overheating the engine, changing spark plug, air filter, timing belt and other items from maintenance schedule may save from money. Fixing a small problem will avoid a serious damage in your car. Engine Oil Change Regular oil change is very important in maintaining a car. Engine oil has limited life after a certain point, it starts losing lubricating qualities and carbonizes. Once it happens, the engine is contaminated with carbon deposits or sludge that significantly shorten engines life. When you change oil at or before manufacturer suggested interval, you change the oil before this carbonizing point, engine remains clean and once refilled with new oil ready to work hard again. If the engine oil has not been changed for long, carbon deposits start clogging the oil pick-up screen decreasing oil supply and increasing friction. Through the engine ventilation system the same carbon, deposits build up inside the throttle body and EGR system causing rough idle and possible check engine light. Compression decreases and engine start wearing much faster. If you do not remember when you changed the oil in your car last time just check the oil on the dipstick. Moreover, every time you change the oil, the oil filter should be replaced as well. For correct oil type, engine oil capacity, maintenance schedule, etc. check your car owners manual or find car technical information. B.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Checking the engine oil Check the engine oil at least once a month or even more if the car has a mileage. Driving with extremely low oil level (less than min.) or with low oil pressure warning lamp on may cause serious engine damage. Have your engine be inspected as soon as possible if the oil pressure gauge indicates extremely low oil pressure. Always use the appropriate engine oil type. Change the oil if you notice that the color is black. Check your parking space for leaks. If you find any, fix it before it results in more serious vehicle problem Concerning the type of oil that you will use there are a comparison with synthetic oil and conventional mineral oil. The advantage of synthetic oil is that it can withstand higher temperature and can work longer without losing its lubricating qualities. It does not get thicker at below-zero temperatures providing good engine lubrication at a cold start. However, since it is more thinner a high-mileage engine filled with synthetic oil will more likely to develop leaks and you will more likely to hear lifters tapping noise at a start. Therefore, If you have low mileage or turbo engine and driving under heavy conditions such as high temperature, excessive load, long intervals without an oil change, etc., or simply want to provide extra protection for your engine, synthetic oil may be a good solution. Nevertheless, I do not think it is worth to use synthetic oil in high-mileage engines thicker mineral oil will provide better protection as long as you change it regularly. C.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Engine cooling system Engine overheating causes serious engine damage. In order to avoid the engine overheating: Check the coolant level periodically. It should be at least at the min mark in the coolant reservoir. If it is lower, add the coolant bringing the level to the max mark. Avoid coolant leak it may cause an engine overheating. The engine temperature start rising higher than the normal, have your engine inspected. Check the front of the radiator sometimes it may be obstructed with leaves or dust. It is one of the possible reasons for the overheating. Never open the radiator or the coolant overflow reservoir when engine is hot! Tune –up, Timing Belt, Fuel Injector flush There are certain vehicle components that need periodical replacement such as: The fuel filter-dirty fuel filter may cause engine stalling and loss of engine power. Air filter dirty air filter causes loss of engine power, increased fuel consumption, airflow sensor failure, etc. Engine coolant old engine coolant loses its anti-corrosive and other characteristics and may cause water pump to fail. Spark plugs simply spark plugs replacement can significantly improve the engine performance. Timing belt timing belt failure may cause serious engine damage, especially if its diesel engine. Battery The battery filled with harmful acid solution and can produce explosive gases. Handling a battery be careful and always use protective glasses and gloves. Do not use open fire, smoke, or create a spark near battery. Most of batteries nowadays are maintenance free. All you check is battery terminals that should not be loose or corroded. Corroded battery terminals will cause all kind of problem: blinking instrument lights, low charge, no-start, dim headlights, check engine and ABS malfunction light etc. If you see any acid leaks, cracks or any other damage replace the battery. Acid leaking from the battery destroys everything underneath. If there is any problems with your engine, such as irregular noise or smell, or performance problems, leaks or smoke, or check engine light is on, etc., have your car inspected with a mechanic. It is always better to fix any small problem right away before they can cause engine damage. Be aware, some mechanics will try to scare you because they always want to sell you more job than your car really needs, so always ask to explain everything, to show you what exactly is wrong and why. For vehicles with turbocharger, the Turbocharger serves to pump more air into the engine boosting engine power without increasing the engine volume. This turbo charger works at a very high temperature that why it requires a quality engine oil. Low quality, or old contaminated oil can be easily cooked under high temperature in the turbocharger causing it to fail. Here are some considerations: 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   If it is not against manufacturer recommendations, use synthetic oil, or at least be very accurate with regular oil changes. 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   When you stop the car after hard driving (speeding, accelerating, etc.) do not shut the engine off right away, let it idle for a while to cool down the turbocharger. 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Very long uphill driving under constant load may also cause turbo to overheat, try to avoid it if possible. There are few tips on how to improve the emission test result. 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Change oil before testing. For old or high mileage car using thicker oil may help. 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Change spark plugs and air filter if it was a while ago since you have changed them last time. Complete tune-up may be an option for older cars. 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Flushing the fuel injectors usually help. Before conducting the test you must check and adjust the tire pressure, fill the car with premium gas. Take a car for a spin on a freeway it helps to clean spark plugs and catalytic converter and make sure, the engine is fully warmed up before test. If you have check engine light on, exhaust leaks, broken gas cap, or any other problem with vehicle emission system it needs to be repaired before the test all those items will be inspected during the emission test. Reference: Samarins.com ;Illustrated guide to car buyers and owners. (2006)â€Å"Few tips on engine maintenance† http://www.samarins.com/maintenance/engmain.html Aol.com (2006); â€Å"Engine Management†. http://members.aol.com/dvandrews/ems.htm#topics Auto Mall USA (2006) â€Å" Mercedes Benz C-Class† http://www.automallusa.net/1996/mercedes-benz/e-class/reviews.html Horst Bauer   (2004)â€Å"Diesel Engine Management† Robert Bosch GmbH p.9 Horst Bauer (2004)â€Å"Gasoline Engine Management† Robert Bosch GmbH p.9 Hutchinson Education. (2004) †Fundamentals of Automotive Electronics â€Å" V. A. W. Hillier 1987,1996

Society, Culture and its Effects on the Behavior Essay Example for Free

Society, Culture and its Effects on the Behavior Essay There are so many races of human all over the world; we have extensive variations of people, society, and culture. They say that in a given society the distinguishing factor of its people is culture then the culture defines the norms and beliefs. With these several factors alone we become exclusive, unique, and exceptional human beings.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Culture affects the way we behave, the way we perceive things, and the way we deal with certain situations. According to the social construction theory, culture produces the society exclusive ways to perceive things, express emotions and the way we experience them. However, there are aspects of emotion that are innate, and universal which means it is the same all across nations and societies and there are other aspects which are constructed by the society in different ways and by different cultures. American culture, norms and beliefs   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   United States, generally speaking, is a liberated country; our culture is totally different from other nation’s culture. Nowadays, American culture has been spread globally. Many of other nation’s culture have been influenced by America but others remain constant with what culture they have. Say for example, after turning eighteen a child is allowed to separate from his parents and he or she can live alone. Unlike in other cultures, most especially in the continent of Asia, they practice extended families. This kind of culture of ours is effective expressing our rights as human beings who are given free will to do what we want to do but in other culture they do not consider it as good as the way we do. When I know I am right I tell my mother my insights; this is just an expression of my freedom. I have the freedom to say what I really feel but not in a manner which would offend my mother or any other person I am talking with. Something is normal when you do the right thing for the right case or moment. We, as human beings of any society would weep when someone that is dear to us dies but for some society this is not right. While for us and other societies it is normal to grieve for death of someone Chinese’s don’t believe in this, they just pay people who would weep for them because they believe that weeping is not good. American music   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Music is one of the most influential cultures that America has been affecting. I am fond of listening to rock and ballad or RNB and pop music. I guess the reason behind this is the kind of society I live with. We have been the nation which has produced many influential and popular music and musicians in which most of them are doing pop or RNB. We influence other societies with our kind of music that’s why pop and RNB are now listened to by people all over the world. Most teenagers in other societies are very fond of this kind of music. I think beat makes the music good to hear even though some of its lyrics are censored. However, this kind of music somehow makes people wild most; it influences kids and most especially the teenagers. American attitude and behavior   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   I can say I am a competitive person. I guess that it comes from the society’s culture because we are known to be competitive globally; our attitude towards progress is very positive. We are optimistic in nature and we perceive things in a positive way. We identify mistakes positively and we do not take it against ourselves. I am also a risk taker, with regards to optimism I often take risks though I know that there are several factors that would make my decisions worse. I often decide on things even though I don’t know how high the level of success is because I know that somehow I have taken my chance. American’s are very competitive that’s why it was one of the first countries who have been industrialized all over the world. We often innovate because we are not satisfied with what we have because we know that there can be better. I don’t settle for something that is less, as well as any other American citizen’s because I know that I can do better and I can have a better thing. Another thing I can say about myself that I have gained from my culture is that I am independent. This is a positive culture because at an early age I have learned not to ask money from my parents if I wanted to buy something for myself. For most societies other than mine the children are dependent of their parents not until they are married or until they finished their degree and find a job to support themselves with what they need. Emotions The previous American culture nowadays also influence a person’s way regarding on how they express their emotions; for example: when I get angry or mad about something, I tend to listen to a music which is loud and expresses deepest anger or those songs which are seemingly rebellious. Other people on the contrary tend to drink excessive alcohol beverages till they get sober and forget whatever they are worrying about. In general, culture primarily imposes its strong influence towards people’s behavior; the way they think, the way they perceive things, and the way they deal with matters and situations. Culture also strongly influences the society’s way of expressing their feelings and emotions.

Report on Snow White and the Seven Dwarves

Report on Snow White and the Seven Dwarves ABSTRACT This drama is basically about a beautiful girl called Snow White. The Queen is trying to kill her so she takes refuge in the forest in the house of seven dwarfs to hide from the wicked Queen. The Queen wanted to kill her because she is jealous for not being the fairest in the land, and Snow Whites beauty surpasses her own. The seven dwarfs start to love Snow White, who always cleans their house and cooks their meals. But one day while the dwarfs are at their diamond mine, the Queen arrives at the cottage disguised as an old humble woman and persuades Snow White to bite into a poisoned apple. The dwarfs, warned by the forest animals, rush home to chase the witch away, but they are too late to save Snow White from the poisoned apple. They place her in a glass coffin in the woods and mourn for her. The Prince, who has fallen in love with Snow White, happens by and awakens her from the wicked Queens deathlike spell with loves first kiss. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT First of all, we would like to thank God for supporting us physically and mentally to finish up our drama presentation that has been given by Ms. Liyana Shazleen Mohd Nizar. These tasks have been done by our group members that put lots of effort and time in it even though some conflicts had happen during the discussion for this assignment. Luckily, all conflicts had been settled and we can even work better after the conflicts. In addition, we would like to thank Ms. Liyana for guiding us in our assignment. She always gave us support and guide us how to perform well in a drama to ensure that we come out with a high quality presentation. The topic that has been chosen by our group is to present a drama title Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs. Furthermore, we would like to thank our beloved friends as well because they help us to build the props for the drama presentation. We also hope that all of our effort can help us to score a better result in our group assignment. Finally, we would l ike to thank and wish all our classmates and family for always being there for us and give us support in order for us to finish up this group assignment. TABLE OF CONTENT Chapter 1: Introduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Pg. 1 Scene Cast Synopsis Chapter 2: Methods†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Pg. 4 Chapter 3: Recommendation†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.Pg. 4 Chapter 4: Conclusion†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION SYNOPSIS Once upon a time, there live a beautiful girl name Snow White; she takes refuge in the forest in the house of seven dwarfs to hide from her stepmother, the Queen. The Queen is jealous of Snow White because she is â€Å"the fairest in the land† and she wanted to take the title. The dwarfs grow to love their unexpected visitor. But one day while the dwarfs are at their diamond mine, the Queen arrives at the cottage disguised as an old humble woman and persuades Snow White to bite into a poisoned apple. The dwarfs, warned by the forest animals, rush home to chase the witch away, but they are too late to save Snow White from the poisoned apple. They place her in a glass coffin in the woods and mourn for her. The Prince, who has fallen in love with Snow White, happens by and awakens her from the wicked Queens deathlike spell with loves first kiss. SCENE 1.2. A SCENE 1 The first scene of this drama presentation is when the Queen summons the magic mirror to find out who is the fairest lady in the world. The magic mirror told her that Snow White is the fairest lady of all. Once the Queen found out that she is not the fairest lady in the world, she when furious and she summons the Huntsman and orders him to bring Snow White to the forest and kill her there. The Queen wants Snow White dead, she asked the Huntsman to bring back Snow White’s heart. 1.2. B SCENE 2 The second scene of the drama is when the Huntsman brought Snow White to the forest to pick wildflowers. When the Huntsman reached the forest with Snow White, he took pity of her free. He killed a deer and took its heart to The Queen and lied to her that he had killed Snow White. Snow White wandered in the forest all night alone. Meanwhile, Snow white found a adorable house in the middle of the woods and she decide to stay there and hide herself from the Queen. 1.2. C SCENE 3 The third scene of the drama started with the seven dwarfs in the diamond mine working and when the bell rang, they march while singing back to their house. For a moment, they found out that there is someone in the house. The dwarfs were shocked because their house is sparkling clean. Dopey, one of the dwarfs when into the bedroom and saw Snow White sleeping. He was shocked and he ran down to the stairs and everyone was scared. Later, everyone went into the bedroom and Snow White woke up and starts introducing all the dwarfs. After that she tells the dwarfs her stepmother, the Queen is trying to kill her and Snow White begs the dwarfs to let her stay. 1.2. D SCENE 4 The Queen summons the magic mirror and she asked the magic mirror again who is the fairest lady in the world is. The magic mirror told The Queen that Snow White is still alive. The Queen is furious. Therefore, she turns herself into a witch knew how to make magic potions. She then made a poisonous potion and dipped a shiny red apple into it. Then she disguised herself as an old peasant woman and went to the woods with the apple to kill Snow White. 1.2. E SCENE 5 All of the dwarfs advice Snow White to stay in the house and do not talk to strangers before they leave the house to the diamond mine. After the dwarfs leave, The Queen arrives at the cottage disguised as an old peddler woman and persuades Snow White to bite into a poisoned apple. Snow White bites the poison apple and she died, the dwarfs got a strange feeling and rush home but they are too late to save Snow White from the poisoned apple. They place her in a glass coffin in the woods and mourn for her. The Prince, who has fallen in love with Snow White, happens by and awakens her from the wicked Queens deathlike spell with loves first kiss. CAST 1.3. A MAIN CHARACTER The first main character is Snow White. She is a young princess and the daughter of a great king whose wife died when the daughter was very young. Her stepmother has forced her to work as amaidin the castle. The second main character is The Queen. She is the stepmother of Snow White. After she discovers that Snow White is fairest lady, she immediately summons the huntsman to kill her in the woods. After she discovers that Snow White did not die, she disguises herself as an oldhagand uses a poisoned apple to remove Snow White from her path without killing her. Furthermore, The Prince is one of the main characters of the drama. The prince first sees Snow White singing at herwishing well. He immediately falls in love with her and her voice. He later reappears to revive her. 1.3. B SUPPORTING CHARACTERS The first supporting character is Doc. He is the leader of the seven dwarfs; he often mixes up his words. Furthermore,Grumpy is one of the supporting characters. He hates Snow Whites presence in the dwarfs home; He has the biggest nose of the dwarfs, and is frequently seen with one eye shut. Happy is the joyous dwarf and is usually portrayed laughing. Sleepy is always tired and appears laconic in most situations. Moreover, Bashful is the shyest of the dwarfs, and is often embarrassed by the presence of any attention directed at him. Sneezy is earned by his extraordinarily powerful sneezes, which are seen blowing even the heaviest of objects across a room. Dopey is the only dwarf who does not have abeard. He is clumsy and mute, with Happy explaining that he has simply never tried to speak. The Magic Mirror regularly asks by The Queen who is the fairest in the land. Lastly,The Huntsman cannot bear to kill Snow White, even when the Queen orders him to take the princesss heart. CHAPTER 2: METHODS The first thing we did is we do research online and also reading the storybooks to develop a script for our drama. We watch the movie together by using YouTube in a classroom to understand more details about the characters so we can divide the roles easily. Then we have brainstorming session with the whole group to create the script for the drama and we also sat down together to discuss about the roles, scenes, and the materials we need for the drama presentation. Furthermore, we all stay overnight in college a day before the drama presentation to prepare our props, costumes and sound effects. Lastly, we seek for help from Miss Liyana for some ideas and technical help for our drama presentation. CHAPTER 3: RECOMMMENDATION During the process of preparing for the drama presentation, there are a lot of conflicts has happened between our group members. We couldn’t make up our mind about whom getting which roles because some members don’t have the ability to present the characters well. After a week of discussion, we finally made our mind about the roles and everyone is very suitable to their roles. Our group has very creative ideas to twist the plot of the drama from an ordinary Snow White story to a comedic story. We think that we can do better if we have more time to prepare and making the drama presentation more interesting. CHAPTER 4: CONCLUSION As a conclusion, we actually can perform better if we have more time to practice each roles and planning about the drama scenes. The experience of this drama presentation is very amazing, we get to experience how an artist prepares for a drama and we enjoy the whole process even though it is very tiring. We had tried our very best and we think we deserve high marks.

Assyrian Warfare :: essays research papers fc

Assyrian Warfare During Mesopotamian times, wars were what divided ruling periods. There were many different peoples that dominated Ancient Mesopotamia and the Assyrians were one of them. The Assyrians prospered mainly because of their divine talent to defensively resist and offensively overwhelm their enemies. At no point of Assyrian rule was there ever a time without conflict of some sort. The Assyrians were known to have a powerful, ruthless army. The army was the largest Middle East or Mediterranean fighting force that had ever been seen. It is believed that God himself promised the Israelites that if they disobeyed Him he would allow them to be taken up and carried away to foreign lands. His promise is explained in Isaiah 5:26-29. It reads, â€Å"He will whistle to them from the end of the earth; Surely they shall come with speed, swiftly. No one weary or stumble among them No one will slumber or sleep Nor will the belt on their loins be loosed, Nor the strap of their sandals be broken; Whose arrows are sharp, And all their bows bent; Their horses’ hooves will seem like flint, And their wheels like whirlwind. Their roaring will be like a lion, They will roar like young lions; Yes, they will roar And lay hold of the prey; They will carry it away safely, And no one will deliver.† Israel’s rebellion angered God and it led to war with the invincible Assyrians. The Northern Kingdom of Israel was wiped out. â€Å"Why were the Assyrians at war so much?† is a likely question to arise when discussing these people. And in my eyes the answer is simple. For land and power. The map of the beginning of the Assyrian empire compared to the end of the Assyrian empire shows great difference. It is obvious that much expansion took place during this rule. Like the Chinese Han dynasty, there was an explosion of territory growth in the Assyrian time period. Not being able to control all the land and people was the Hans’ weakness and led to their downfall. The Assyrians had an interesting policy that eliminated this problem. They would deport defeated nations and led them to captive lands. This would destroy the individuals’ sense of nationalism and would cause them to be much more willing to submit to Assyrian rule. They figured that the less people would resist, the less problem they would have with their captives and it worked well for them. Assyrian Warfare :: essays research papers fc Assyrian Warfare During Mesopotamian times, wars were what divided ruling periods. There were many different peoples that dominated Ancient Mesopotamia and the Assyrians were one of them. The Assyrians prospered mainly because of their divine talent to defensively resist and offensively overwhelm their enemies. At no point of Assyrian rule was there ever a time without conflict of some sort. The Assyrians were known to have a powerful, ruthless army. The army was the largest Middle East or Mediterranean fighting force that had ever been seen. It is believed that God himself promised the Israelites that if they disobeyed Him he would allow them to be taken up and carried away to foreign lands. His promise is explained in Isaiah 5:26-29. It reads, â€Å"He will whistle to them from the end of the earth; Surely they shall come with speed, swiftly. No one weary or stumble among them No one will slumber or sleep Nor will the belt on their loins be loosed, Nor the strap of their sandals be broken; Whose arrows are sharp, And all their bows bent; Their horses’ hooves will seem like flint, And their wheels like whirlwind. Their roaring will be like a lion, They will roar like young lions; Yes, they will roar And lay hold of the prey; They will carry it away safely, And no one will deliver.† Israel’s rebellion angered God and it led to war with the invincible Assyrians. The Northern Kingdom of Israel was wiped out. â€Å"Why were the Assyrians at war so much?† is a likely question to arise when discussing these people. And in my eyes the answer is simple. For land and power. The map of the beginning of the Assyrian empire compared to the end of the Assyrian empire shows great difference. It is obvious that much expansion took place during this rule. Like the Chinese Han dynasty, there was an explosion of territory growth in the Assyrian time period. Not being able to control all the land and people was the Hans’ weakness and led to their downfall. The Assyrians had an interesting policy that eliminated this problem. They would deport defeated nations and led them to captive lands. This would destroy the individuals’ sense of nationalism and would cause them to be much more willing to submit to Assyrian rule. They figured that the less people would resist, the less problem they would have with their captives and it worked well for them.

Progressive Discipline Essay -- essays research papers

Independent Contributor Each Independent Contributor is accountable for reaching established performance objectives, and will be evaluated and reviewed on an ongoing basis. When an Independent Contributor’s performance falls short of his/her expected objectives, behaviors, or skills, a Performance Improvement Plan will be initiated immediately. During the implementation of the performance improvement plan, written documentation of discussions, counseling, and termination warnings will be maintained by the department manager and Human Resources; with copies given to the Independent Contributor. However, termination, if warranted, may occur at any time even if an employee has not been subject to or completed the Performance Improvement Plan. A review period will be specified in the Performance Improvement Plan. The length of this period depends on the type and nature of the performance deficiencies involved. If the Independent Contributor fails to meet minimum performance standards or shows unsatisfactory progress during the review period, or subsequently, disciplinary action including termination will take place. When an Independent Contributor does not successfully complete a review period within the Performance Improvement Plan, termination will result. Termination may still occur at any time during the review period. In addition, immediate termination may result for flagrant conduct such as, but not limited to, insubordination, poor performance, misconduct, or unethical behavior. If circumstances warrant, an Independent Contributor may be terminated without notice. IT Technician - Union Employee The union is committed to fair and effective policy through collective bargaining to maintain the safety and good health of our membership. Therefore this progressive disciple policy which was established by the company and the union; is being put into place to establish rules pertaining to IT technician conduct and performance so that all IT technician personnel can conduct themselves accordingly. These rules are not intended to restrict the IT technician’s legal rights; however they are being established to help IT technicians’ work together according to established company standards. The IT technician’s supervisor will keep him/her informed of all company rules and any changes that may occur. It is company policy that IT technician s will be given sufficien... ...eriod is up the employee will be terminated. Sales reps must comply with the standards of behavior set forth by the company in all aspects of their job. The use of company resources, including computer systems, telephones, electronic mail and internet services for personal use may occasionally take place, provided that such use is within the company’s Policy. However excessive use will result in disciplinary actions as appropriate. Conclusion These polices are all similar as they in force company policy, performance and ethical behavior. All policies are written and identify the variety of disciplinary actions that may be imposed in a progressive manner. The progressive discipline polices above are written with the intent of promoting a productive work environment. They are different in that the independent contributor focuses on accountably of established performance goals. Where as the IT technician focuses on improving job performance, and the overseas sales rep deals with meeting sales figures and corrupt activities. Bohlander, G., and Snell, S., (2004). Managing Human Resources. South-Western College Publishing / Thomson Learning. http://pmareintranet/intranet/empman.stm

Disentangling Genres Essay -- Literature Essays Literary Criticism

  Ã‚  Ã‚   When asked to explain what distinguishes one literary genre from another, aficionados of a particular genre sometimes answer, "I know it when I see it." It may be true that some devotees develop a sixth sense in identifying a literary work as belonging to a specific genre. However, uncommunicated intuitive knowledge does little to either define relatively new or fledgling genres, or distinguish   break- away genres, such as exploration and science fiction from the similar or closely related "parent" genres of travel and adventure, and fantasy, respectively.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     The better defined a genre, the less likely a reader will be to mistake one genre for another and the more likely a selection will match a person's expectations. However, the age old literary function of genre, to provide an interpretive framework for readers, is sometimes secondary to the business imperative that a text be marketed in the most profitable manner. Since some genres have a higher readership than other, publishers may have a   financial motivation for marketing a novel in a particular genre although readers may be mislead.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   To increase interest, authors also frequently write books which exploit public interest or current trends.   Edgar Allan Poe's only novel, The Narrative of Arthur Gordon Pym of Nantucket, capitalizes on the recent expeditions to the South Pole. However, the novel's journey and destination are largely superfluous to the action of the plot.   The story is a suspenseful fantasy of dark visions, darker actions and ghostly visitations from the living dead. Although some readers and critics consider it a science fiction novel, Pym is primarily a compilation of the many gothic plot devices of Poe's short... ...orks Cited Abrahams, M.H. A Glossary of Literary Terms. Ft. Worth TX: harcourt,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Brace College Publishers, 1999. Aldiss, Brian and Wingrove, David. The Trillion Year Spree.   Ã‚  Ã‚   Poughkeepsie,   NY: House of Stratus, 2001. Disch, Thomas M. The Dreams Our Stuff is Made Of.NY, NY: Simon and Schuster, 2000. Freedman, Car. Critical Theory and Science Fiction. Hanover, NH: UP of New England, 2000. "Macpherson, James."   E-Library. 1.2 (2002 ): Online. Internet. 14   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   April 2002  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://www.encyclopedia.com/html/M/MacphersJ.asp Mann, George. The Mammoth Encyclopedia. NY,NY: Carrol and Graf, 2001. Nelson, Brain R. Western Political Thought. Inglewood Cliffs NJ:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Prentice-Hall,1982. White, Craig. Syllabus LITR5738:Literature of Space and Exploration    ts. University of Houston Clear Lake. Houston TX.   

Pe Assignment 1

Performance Task # 2- Direction: Answer the following: (answers shall be based on the assignment Video: Sayaw) Key point: the Spaniards came to the Philippines in the 16th century. They found out that dance and music were woven and is part of the Filipinos everyday life. Q. Where is it intertwined? 1. Courtship 2. Love 3. Politics 4. ____________________ 5_____________________ 6. _________________________ 7. ______________________ Key point: the Spaniards employ dances and music to introduce religion to Filipinos. Dance has become religious activity for feasts of saints and for praising. They introduce secular dances from Europe.The Filipinos assimilated it and it evolves in the Filipino culture. List down the European Dances introduced by the Spaniards in the Philippines. And the Filipino adaptation of the dances Follow the cue given. 8. La Jota- a social dance for special occasion for the Spaniards. Usually accompanied with string instruments. 9. La Jota Montavena – the Fili pino version characterized by fast and lively movement wherein waltz is a common step it is from the province of Tarlac. 10. La Jota Manilena- it is a version which is done in honor of the old city of Manila. 1. Valse/Waltz – a dance originally from Southern Germany introduced to the Philippines on the 19th century. It was also assimilated by the Filipinos and incorporated it to their own version. 12. Balitaw – a courtship dance from the Visayas 13. Carinosa – a courtship dance with characteristic use of fan and handkerchief. 14. Fandango – dance for special occasion such as wedding 15. Pandang Pandang – a version from Antique wherein a gecko went up the grooms trouser so he Stamped to remove the lizard without the crowds knowledge institutionalizing theStamping movement as part of the dance. 16. Fandango Sambalilo – a dance version where the guys try to pick up a hat on the floor with the use of his head. 17. Fandango sa Ilaw – a dan ce version from Mindoro wherein the ladies carry lighted oil lamps in their head and hands. 18. Habanera- a dance originally from Havana Cuba 19. Habanera de Sultera – a Filipino adaptation of this dance from Pangasinan which is the last dance of a couple before they get married. 20.Mazurka – a ballroom dance from Polland. 21. Mazurka Moderato- an adaptation of this dance wherein the couples gather informally, the steps Used are sangig, salok, step close step and redoba. 22. Mazurka Mindorena- the premiere dance of the elites in Mindoro which was popularized by our Our hero Don Antonio Luna. 23. Polka – originally a ballroom dance for grand social affair. 24. Maliket a Polka – an adaptation from Pangasinan, characterized by happy movement, a dance for Sto.Nino. 25. Polka sa Nayon – an adaptation from Batangas 26. Rigodon – popular ceremonial dances for the elite. 27. Rigodon – dance of the elite with the use of cabesera and costados a s position based on their Importance in the society. 28. ______________- a dance wherein the purpose is for the ladies to be seen by gentlemen, they try to Outdress each other, it was introduced in the 1850’s. Key point: the dances evolved and was integrated thereby creating a combination of different dances to form new dance. 9. Polkaval – a combination of polka and valse from Atimonan Quezon 30. Jotaval – a combination of Jota and Valse from Gumaca Quezon II. Essay 1. Give at least 5 Filipino researchers who contributed in the documentation and propagation of Philippine folk dance throughout the Philippines and the world. Cite their contribution. (10pts) 2. How did the rural folks assimilated the dances introduced by the Spaniards and patronized by the local elites as part of their lives? Where was the transmutation based? What has become of these dances? Answer in a 5 sentence paragraph only. (5pts)

A Comparison between Disney Movie Pocahontas

the Disney movie called Pocahontas and the History of Virginia, a narrative by John Smith, very different from each other. They are still based off of a similar place and time in history, which causes them to have certain similarities. The most easily recognized similarity is of that John Smith is in both the movie and narrative. The most noticeable difference is that in the book is that the Native Americans can speak English. Also another difference is that the men in the colony have come for gold rather than a new life like they did in the journal.These are some of the many differences between the movie Pocahontas and the journal by John Smith. In both the book and movie there is a man by the name of John Smith. This man is a renowned and respected member throughout the colony in both of these stories. In the movie the man falls in love with a Native American woman called Pocahontas (who is briefly mentioned in the book). But like he is in the book also captured by the Native Ameri cans but unlike the book the Native Americans believe he killed a man in their tribe.But like the book he is captured by the Native Americans and taken too their tribe, but for different reasons in both stories. In the movie John is a well-known frontiersman who fought the Native Americans. But in the book they really don’t say. The most noticeable difference in the move is the fact that the Native Americans not only speak English but act like it’s their foremost language. And in the narrative the Indians do not speak English but rather they have their own.But of course they have to do this in the movie because not many people in America speak Native American and for this reason Disney had them speak English. A second difference is the reason the people came to the America’s. In the movie’s opening they strongly point out that they have come for gold which the Spanish have received from their colonies in the Americas. But in the narrative the people have come to start a new life in the America’s, not for gold which the Governor in the movie is obsessed with finding.In the movie’s begging the men on the boat sing a song about going too America for God, gold, and the Virginia Company. But in the book the main reason they have come to the new land for a new life, a fresh start you could say. These are some of the similarities and differences between the book and Movie. The single similarity chosen was John Smith. The two differences that I chose were the reason the pilgrims came to the Americas and the fact that the Native Americans.

Perspectives from Inner Windows Essay

Cheryl Albury in the book† Perspectives from Inner Windows,† reveals many of the social problems that we face in Bahamian society. In her stories â€Å"Waiting for Love† and â€Å"Pot of Gold† she uses them to reflect on some of the characteristics of Bahamian Men. From these two stories Albury portrays men as manipulative and selfish. In â€Å"Waiting for love† we are introduced to the relationship of Stafford and Phyllis a young couple from Exuma. Stafford, evil in his ways, preys on naà ¯ve Phyllis, coaxing her mind of dreams he had for them. He courted her around town and found an opportunity to rob her of her innocence. Although she loved him, she knew something wasn’t right about their relationship, because ever since he had asked her to elope she felt a â€Å"sense of foreboding and uneasiness† to the matter. He deceived her in believing they would elope and start a family, by him not doing this he betrayed her trust and left her waiting on love. In â€Å"Pot of Gold† best friends Cyril and Jacob are both family men with minimum paying jobs. They, influenced by the hard times, robbed the local hardware store of a large sum of cash and walked free. It was not until Cyril’s unknowingly told his girlfriend that they were found guilty. Because of their selfish ways it caused them to jeopardize their relationships with their family and to deceive the trust of their wives. After being imprisoned, Jacob tried to regain their treasure but a building was constructed on it, but in the end they learnt that true happiness does not come from being selfish. In conclusion, Albury in these stories uses the technique of dialect and imagery to help her readers understand her point more. Also I believe that Albury shows a true reflection of Bahamian men. She uses real life situations to bring her point across that most Bahamian men are selfish and manipulative.

Irish Traditional Music

The Harp The harping tradition in Ireland flourished from medieval times until the seventeenth century. It was fostered and developed among the powerful and wealthy Irish and Anglo-Irish families. Harpers were employed along with poets and orators, known as reacoirs, to provide entertainment for the families. As the families acted as patrons to the harpers, they would often have solo pieces, known as planxties, written in their honour by their harper. One famous song is Planxty Kelly.The occupation of a harper was a very prestigious one. The harping tradition was passed on, father to son, for many years and was one of very few viable career options for blind boys at the time. However, after 1600, as the great families went into decline, there was a loss of patronage and harpers were left unemployed. The harping tradition then became a nomadic one, as harpers would travel from county to county, playing for money and food. There were two styles of harp: the Bardic harp and the Neo-Iris h harp.The Bardic harp had between 29 and 31 strings made of wire, which were played with the nails. Usually around 70cm in height with a curved pillar and a hollow soundbox, the Bardic harp was the more resonant of the two. The Neo-Irish harp typically had 34 strings made of nylon or cat gut, which were played with the pads of the fingers. They were taller (about 91cm in height) than the Bardic harp, but less resonant. In 1792 the Belfast Harp Festival was setup with the aim of preventing the decline of the harping tradition.It consisted of eleven harpers from the age of 15 to 97, playing pieces in their own particular style. One player that was the light of the day was Denis Hempson, age 97, being the oldest player there. Edward Bunting was commissioned by the Belfast Harp Society to record the lifestyles of the harpers as well as recording and writing down the music from the festival to preserve it for future generations. This method, unlike the oral tradition which had existed u p until then, did not allow for particular nuances in style and some of these were lost.There was a harping revival in the second half of the twentieth century. The role of the harp as a traditional instrument was led by Maire Ni Chathasaigh, who had solo albums such as â€Å"The New Strung Harp† and Laoise Kelly who release the album â€Å"Just Harp† Uilleann Pipes The uilleann pipes are the characteristic national Bagpipe of Ireland. Their current name (they were earlier known in English as â€Å"union pipes†) is a part translation of the Irish language term pioba uilleann (literally, â€Å"pipes of the elbow†), from their method of inflation.The uilleann pipes are distinguished from many other forms of bagpipes by their sweet tone and wide range of notes together with the unique blend of chanter, drones, and regulators. The bag of the uilleann pipes is inflated by means of a small set of bellows strapped around the waist and the right arm. The bellows not only relieve the player from the effort needed to blow into a bag to maintain pressure, they also allow relatively dry air to power the reeds, reducing the adverse effects of moisture on tuning and longevity.The chanter is the part of the instrument that plays the melody. It's somewhat like a low whistle except it is not placed in the mouth. Air is pumped through the bellows which is attached to the player's right elbow, hence the name. To achieve the â€Å"bottom D† the chanter is lifted off the knee, exposing the exit of the chanter's bore, where the note is produced. The chanter is set on the right knee thus closing off the bottom hole. Many players use a strip of leather placed over the knee, called a â€Å"popping strap,† which provides for an airtight seal.A great range of different timbres can be achieved by varying the fingering of notes and also raising the chanter off the knee, which gives the uilleann pipes a degree of dynamic range not found in other fo rms of bagpipes. A type of simultaneous vibrato and tremolo can be achieved by tapping a finger below the open note hole on the chanter. The bottom note also has two different â€Å"modes†, namely the â€Å"soft D† and the â€Å"hard D†. The hard bottom D sounds louder and more strident than the soft D and is accomplished by applying slightly more pressure to the bag and flicking a higher note finger as it is sounded.Many chanters are fitted with keys to allow accurate playing of all the semitones of the scale. Most uilleann chanters are very responsive to â€Å"half-holing† or â€Å"sliding†, which is the practice of obtaining a note by leaving a fingerhole only half covered. This is why many chanters sold in Ireland are sold without keys. The chanter uses a double reed similar to that of the oboe and bassoon. The regulators are equipped with closed keys which can be opened by the piper's wrist action enabling the piper to play simple chords, givi ng a rhythmic and harmonic accompaniment as needed. History The uilleann pipes developed around the beginning of the 18th century, the history of which is here depicted in prints of carvings and pictures from contemporary sources. The earliest surviving sets of uilleann pipes date from the second half of the 18th century but it must be said that datings are not definitive. Many of the early players in Ireland were Protestant, possibly the best known being the mid-18th century piper Jackson from Co Limerick. The pipes were certainly frequently used by the Protestant clergy who employed them as an alternative to the church organ.Tuning The instrument most typically is tuned in the key of D, although â€Å"flat† sets do exist in other keys. These terms only began to be used in the 1970s, when pipemakers began to receive requests for pipes that would be in tune with Generation tin whistles which are stamped with the key they play in: C, B? , etc. The chanter length determines the overall tuning; accompanying pieces of the instrument, such as drones and regulators, are tuned to the same key as the chanter.The D pipes are most commonly used in ensembles, while the flat-pitched pipes are more often used for solo playing. It is noteworthy that Irish music was predominately solo music until the late 19th century, when these fixed-pitch instruments began to play more of a role. Performers Davey Spillane of Moving Hearts has also recorded solo albums. Liam Og O Floinn of Planxty has also featured as soloist with Shaun Davey in The Brendan Voyage and with RTE orchestras. Paddy Maloney is with The Chieftains. Others from past and present include Seamus Ennis, Paddy Glackin and Paddy Keenan.

Explain and discuss the ways in which sociology and Psychology can Essay

Explain and discuss the ways in which sociology and Psychology can help provide a better understanding of Health and Health care - Essay Example In order to provide an in-depth knowledge, let us define first sociology, psychology, health, and health care. Sociology is derived from the Latin word socius meaning companion and the Greek word logus meaning study of (Taylor & Field, 2007, p. 3). As a discipline, sociology is the social scientific study of society including the interactions between people and society and the influence they imposed on each other (Hyde, Lohan & McDonnell, 2004, p. 3). On the other hand, psychology refers to the scientific study of human behavior which includes how an organism act, think, feel, learn, perceive, interact with others and understand themselves (Barkway, 2009, p. 2). Health is a holistic discipline and is defined by the World Health Organization in 1946 as â€Å" a state of physical and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease and infirmity† and health care refers to the delivery of health services of health professionals to achieve state of equilibrium (Harari & Leg ge, 2001, p. 2). Understanding the role of sociology and psychology to health and health care doesn’t end in knowing the core definition but rather, by careful analysis of the underlying principles, perspectives, alternative explanations, issues, influence on human behavior and general implications on the population to determine and entail the relationship between psychology, sociology, health, and health care. Human Behavior in Health Care Settings In a health care setting, health providers deal with people of different behavior and beliefs. Most of these people have complicated illnesses and behavioral reactions toward health care delivery and settings vary. Human behavior towards health care settings depends on several factors. It may be political, social, economic, and environment. There are culturally held beliefs about illness, disease prevention, treatments, as well as appropriate health behaviors and identification of the sick role. Health care providers must be aware of a person’s cultural norms to avoid culture shock and must start at the most basic level to foster health-promoting behaviors towards health care. Let us take the example of human behavior with regards to counseling in a health care setting. People may imagine the scenario as two individuals facing each other. Most of the times, patients behave in a way to show their feelings and being uncomfortable at closeness but there are also individuals who feel comfortable about this closeness and likely behave to confide in a health care staff and asks questions. In some instances, patient’s find it comfortable to verbalize their feelings and reasons of their behavior with the health care professional informally, checking their intravenous infusion or massaging them, rather than the formal set-up which is a one-on-one basis, facing each other (Barkway, 2009, p. 155). Human behaviors directly affect the status of health care. Negative human behaviors such as distrust in healt h care